UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


THE  AMERICAN  NOVEL  IN  GERMANY 

1871-1913 


BY 


CLEMENT  VOLLMER 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


INTERNATIONAL  PRINTING  CO, 

PHILADELPHIA 
1918 


EXCHANGE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


THE  AMERICAN  NOVEL  IN  GERMANY 

1871-1913 


BY 

CLEMENT  VOLLMER 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


INTERNATIONAL  PRINTING  CO. 

PHILADELPHIA 
1918 


COPYRIGHT  1918 

BY 
CLEMENT  VOLLMER 


PREFACE. 

The  data  presented  in  this  volume  was  collected  during  the 
author's  sojourn  in  Berlin,  from  April  to  September,  1914.  The 
results  as  formulated  here  claim  to  be  merely  an  objective 
description  of  facts,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  chronological 
study.  The  aim  has  not  been  to  draw  broad  and  final  conclusions 
from  these  facts,  but  rather  to  pave  the  way  for  later  detailed 
investigations  of  the  relative  importance  which  individual  Amer 
ican  novelists  attained  in  Germany  within  the  period  bounded  by 
the  Franco- Prussian  War  and  the  Great  World  War  of  1914.  It 
was  in  fact  the  outbreak  of  the  present  war  in  August,  1914,  with 
its  attendant  confusion  and  governmental  limitations  placed  upon 
otherwise  accessible  bibliographical  data,  which  prevented  a  more 
searching  investigation  and  the  drawing  of  more  definite  conclu 
sions  than  those  which  this  work  ventures  to  assert. 

The  Bibliography  (Chapter  III)  claims  to  be  a  complete  list 
of  American  novels  of  the  post-Civil  War  novelists  published 
in  Germany  in  both  English  and  German.  The  omission  of 
numerous  writers  of  unliterary  sensational  fiction  requires  no 
apology.  The  novels  are  grouped  according  to  an  alphabetical 
tabulation  of  authors  and  under  each  author  follow  the  strict 
chronological  order  of  publication,  in  so  far  as  the  exact  date  of 
publication  was  ascertainable. 

The  investigation  was  undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
much  lamented  Professor  Marion  Dexter  Learned,  of  the  Uni 
versity  of  Pennsylvania,  to  whose  memory  the  author  owes  a 
deep  debt  of  gratitude  for  his  constant  inspiration  and  guidance 
For  helpful  suggestions  and  the  extension  of  special  privileges 
which  facilitated  the  gathering  of  material,  many  thanks  are  due 
to  Dr.  Drechsler,  Chief  of  the  Amerika  Institut  in  Berlin,  to  the 
officials  of  the  Research  Division  of  the  Konigliche  Bibliothek 
of  Berlin,  and  to  many  publishers  and  booklovers  of  Germany 
who  made  otherwise  inaccessible  facts  available. 

Clement  Vollmer. 
Philadelphia,  May  15,  1918. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Page 

Introduction: 

The  Period,  1871-1913   9 

Reasons  for  this  Starting  Point 9 

General   Survey  of  Germany's  Attitude  Toward  the 

American  Novel 9 

American  and  British  Literature 1 1 

The  True  Situation 14 

CHAPTER  II. 
Chronological  Survey: 

(a)  Certain  Limitations 16 

(b)  The  History , 18 

In  Groups  of  Years  (1871-1890) 18 

In  Individual  Years  (1891-1913)    26 

(c)  Chronological  Table    39 

(d)  Determining  Factors  in  this  History 40 

Few  Novels  About  Germany 40 

Works  on  American  Literature 41 

The  Periodicals    45 

The  Publishers 46 

American  Poetry   47 

American  Men  of  Letters  in  Germany 48 

Political  Relation  Unimportant 51 

CHAPTER  III. 
Bibliography: 

Containing  a  Complete  List  of  American  Novels  Pub 
lished    in    Germany,    1871-1913,    Arranged    by 

Authors 52 


THE  AMERICAN  NOVEL  IN  GERMANY,  1871-1913. 
CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  period  between  the  years  1871  and  1913  is  too  recent 
to  enable  us  to  form  an  absolutely  accurate  opinion  and  a  final 
judgment  concerning  the  value  of  its  literature.  The  novels 
which  were  written  in  these  years  in  America  may  ether  win  for 
themselves  a  prominent  place  in  the  hall  of  literary  fame  or  they 
may  be  forgotten  by  the  generations  and  centuries  which  are  to 
follow.  W.  J.  Long  *  says :  "There  was  once  a  wise  man  named 
Archimedes,  who  said  that  he  could  move  the  world  if  he  had  a 
lever  long  enough  and  a  place  to  stand  on.  So  the  historian  might 
with  confidence  speak  of  his  own  age  if  he  could  remove  himself 
to  the  distant  future  and  view  the  present  event  in  its  historic 
perspective,  that  is,  in  its  relation  to  other  events,  past  and  to 
come."  However,  uncertain  though  our  judgment  may  be  of  the 
immediate  present  and  past,  we  are  at  least  able  to  determine 
the  extension  of  interest  which  our  literature  has  attained,  even 
if  only  for  the  time  being,  in  foreign  lands,  and  it  is  the  immedi 
ate  purpose  of  this  investigation  to  indicate  the  degree  which 
that  interest  has  attained  in  Germany  and  German  Austria. 

The  year  1871  has  been  roughly  chosen  as  a  starting  point 
for  various  reasons.  In  the  first  place,  it  was  this  year  which 
gave  birth  to  the  new  German  Empire  and  marked  the  begin 
ning  of  an  era  in  which  Germany  has  played  so  prominent  a 
role  in  "Weltpolitik,"  as  well  as  in  the  arts,  the  sciences  and 
commercial  affairs. 

For  the  United  States  there  was  also  a  literary  rejuvenation 
at  about  this  time.  In  his  General  Survey  of  American  Litera- 


1  American  Literature,  New  York,  1913,  p.  147. 


10  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

ture  since  the  Civil  War,  H.  S.  Pancoast  declares  that  2  "it  has 
not  been  remarkable  for  the  depth  or  eloquence  of  its  weightier 
prose,  or  for  the  brilliancy  and  insight  of  literary  criticism,  but 
in  its  fiction  it  has  made  a  distinct  and  notable  contribution  to 
literature."  It  has  been  the  custom  to  trace  this  new  movement 
in  American  Literature  as  dating  from  the  end  of  the  Civil  War, 
but  the  chief  school  of  fiction,  the  realistic  school,  led  by  Howells 
and  James,  did  not  really  begin  until  after  1870.  The  prose 
novel  assumes  a  "tyrannous  central  position,"3  because  of  its 
direct  appeal  to  all  classes  of  people.  Especially  is  this  notice 
able  after  1876,  since  which  date  "nearly  two  hundred  good 
writers  and  perhaps  a  thousand  good  volumes  have  appeared" 
on  the  American  fiction  market.  Twenty  years  later,  in  1896,  we 
read:4  "The  magnitude  of  the  flood  of  novels  and  tales  that 
now  surges  through  newspaper  and  magazine,  and  in  bound 
form  sweeps  other  literary  products  from  the  bookstands, 
almost  exceeds  belief."  Stedman  says  :5  "The  elder  poets  fully 
met  the  need  for  idyllic  verse,  relating  to  home,  patriotism,  re 
ligion,  and  the  work-day  life  of  an  orderly  people.  They  did 
not  scrutinize  and  vividly  present  the  coils  of  individual  feeling. 
Our  people  have  outgrown  their  juvenescence,  tested  their  man 
hood  and  now  demand  a  lustier  regimen.  They  crave  the  sensa 
tions  of  mature  and  cosmopolitan  experience,  and  are  bent  upon 
what  we  are  told  is  the  proper  study  of  mankind.  The  rise  of 
our  novelists  was  the  answer  to  this  craving.  They  depict  life 
as  it  is,  though  rarely,  as  yet,  in  its  intenser  phases/'  When 
Edward  Fawcett  complained,  shortly  after  the  Civil  War,  that 
"just  now  it  is  surely  the  twilight  of  our  American  novelists,"  he 
was  stating  the  truth,  for  this  new  revival  of  the  realistic  novel 
had  not  yet  noticeably  developed.  By  the  end  of  Grant's  second 
term,  1877,  the  6  "complete  restoration  of  the  Union,  the  spread 
of  new  states  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  the  significant 


3  An  Introduction  to  American  Literature,  New  York,  1898,  p.  309. 

*  Richard  Burton :   Literary  Leaders  of  America,  New  York,  1904,  p.  313. 

4  Pattee :  A  History  of  American  Literature,  Boston,  1896,  p.  422. 

5  Poets  of  America,  Boston,  1886. 

*"'.V.  J.  Long:  American  Literature,  New  York,  1913,  p.  270. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  i8j  1-1913  n 

Centennial  Exposition  of  1876"  had  taken  place.  These  marked 
the  opening  of  the  new  era  of  this  republic  and  with  it  the  begin 
ning  of  the  great  development  of  the  American  novel. 

As  if  to  make  the  new  epoch  in  the  American  novel  an  en 
tirely  and  not  only  a  partly  new  one,  we  find  that  almost  all  the 
great  novelists  of  the  earlier  days  died  before  the  rejuvenation 
of  our  fiction  set  in.  Among  these  are  Simms  (1870),  J.  P. 
Kennedy  (1870),  Sealsfield  (1864),  Hawthorne  (1864),  Miss 
Sedgwick  (1867),  Cooper  (1851),  James  Kirke  Paulding 
(1860),  Washington  Irving  (1859),  Poe  (1849).  In  England, 
the  death  of  Dickens  (d.  1870)  and  Bulwer-Lytton  (d.  1873), 
also  marked  the  end  of  the  old  and  the  beginning  of  the  new 
epoch.7 

Let  us  make  a  rapid  preliminary  survey  of  the  extent  and 
growth  of  Germany's  interest  in  and  knowledge  of  American 
literature.  In  an  early  work,  Ludwig  Wachler's  Lehrbuch  der 
Literaturgeschichte,8  we  find  references  to  American  literature 
only  on  one  page.9  In  speaking  of  Walter  Scott's  supreme  posi 
tion  as  English  novelist,  he  says:  "er  hat  in  Washington  Irving 
einen  wiirdigen  Nebenbuhler  gefunden;  manche  neuere  Erschei- 
nungen  (v.  Allan  Cunningham,  d.  etwas  diirftig-breite  N.  Am. 
James  Fenimore  Cooper  u.  a.)  sind  vielversprechend."  It  was 
some  time  after  this  that  Cooper  became  really  known  to  the 
German  reading  public,  but  once  aroused,  their  interest  in  his 
works  shows  no  signs  of  weakening,  even  at  the  present  day.10 
Brander  Matthews  correctly  said  of  Cooper :  "The  first  American 
author  to  carry  our  flag  outside  the  limits  of  our  language."  Miss 
Maclean  has  pointed  out J1  the  immense  popularity  in  Germany  of 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  after  its  publication  in  America  in  1852.  It 


7 Cf.  also  Alphonso  Smith:  Die  Amerikanische  Literatur  (Vol.  II  of  the 
Bibliothek  der  amerikanischen  Kulturgeschichte,  Berlin,  1912),  pp.  22,  29,  33, 
34,  217  and  367,  for  an  excellent  description  of  the  new  awakening  in  Ameri 
can  Literature  after  1870.  Cf.  also  F.  L.  Pattee:  American  Literature  Since 
1870,  New  York,  1915. 

"2nd  ed.,  Leipzig,  1830. 

8  P.  381. 

10  As  recently  as  1909,  Karl  Federn  published  his  translation  of  Cooper  in 
Germany. 

"Americana  Germanica,  Vol.  X,  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  in  Germany. 


12  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

has  gone  through  no  less  than  seventy-five  separate  editions  in 
Germany  since  that  time.  Johannes  Scherr's  Allgemeine  Ge- 
schichte  der  Literatur  gives  us  another  means  of  judging  the  atti 
tude  of  German  literary  critics  and  historians  toward  our  litera 
ture.  In  the  first  edition  of  this  work  (1851 ),  Cooper  is  given  a 
half -page  description,  but  is  chiefly  branded  as  an  imitator  of 
Scott.12  He  then  blandly  adds:  "Brown,  Neal,  Paulding,  Hoff 
man,  Bird,  Simms,  Anna  Sedgwick  u.  andere  waren  tatig  im 
Roman."  Washington  Irving  is  honored  with  fourteen  lines 
and  described  as  an  imitator  of  Dickens.  In  the  third  edition 
of  1869,  although  "neu  verarbeitet  und  stark  vermehrt,"  the  only 
addition  among  American  authors  is  a  short  footnote  on  Poe 
(d.  1849).  I*1  the  fourth  and  fifth  editions  13  of  this  same  work 
the  additions  consist  of  one  line  concerning  Hawthorne  and  the 
following  list :  "B.  Taylor,  R.  H.  Stoddart,  J.  R.  Lowell,  G.  H. 
Baker,  Th.  B.  Aldrich,  J.  A.  Dorgan,  J.  J.  Pratt  and  Walt  Whit 
man,  in  welchen  letztgenannten  die  eine  Halfte  seiner  Landsleute 
einen  grossen  Dichter,  die  andere  einen  grossen  Narren  sieht." 
Although  written  in  1875,  there  is  no  mention  of  Bret  Harte 
or  Mark  Twain.  In  the  sixth  edition  of  1880,  we  find  the  state 
ments  of  the  previous  editions  unchanged,  Hawthorne  is  brushed 
aside  with  "der  phantastisch-humoristische  Novellist  N.  Haw 
thorne  lehnt  sich  an  Poe,"  and  this  important  addition:14  "In 
den  Erzahlungen  und .  Schildereien  von  Th.  B.  Aldrich  und  M. 
Twain  tritt  die  humoristische  Auffassungs-  und  Betrachtungs- 
weise  von  Welt  und  Menschen  eben falls  in  den  Vordergrund, 
wogegen  der  Novellist  W.  D.  Howells  mehr  die  pathetische  Seite 
der  Erscheinungen  des  Lebens  hervorkehrt."  Whitman  receives 
an  unfavorable  footnote  as  his  portion. 

From  this  cursory  treatment  it  would  appear  as  if  Ameri 
can  literature  had  not  aroused  sufficient  interest  in  Germany  to 


"This  indicates  a  decided  lack  of  appreciation  of  our  literature  which 
among  some  German  critics  has  persisted  to  this  day.  At  the  time  of  Cooper's 
death  (1851)  he  had  already  been  translated  and  published  countless  times  in 
Germany,  but  the  notion  among  certain  Europeans  that  whatever  is  American 
cannot  be  of  permanent  value  was  strikingly  illustrated  in  his  case. 

18  1872, 187-5. 

14  P.  1 19. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  13 

call  forth  histories  of  its  literature  written  in  German  and  by 
Germans.  However,  as  early  as  1868,  Brunnemann  published 
his  Geschichte  dcr  N ordamerikanischen  Literatur.  In  1883, 
Eduard  Engel  issued  his  Geschichte  der  amcrikanischen  Litera 
tur.  He  published  this  as  an  appendix  to  his  Geschichte  der  eng- 
lischen  Literatur  in  the  later  editions.  The  second  edition  ap 
peared  in  separate  binding  in  1897,  but  in  it  he  doubts  "ob  eine 
Litteratur,  die  iiberhaupt  erst  seit  wenigen  Jahrzehnten  anfangt 
unabhangig  von  der  englischen  sich  zu  entwickeln,  schon  fur  eine 
geschichtliche  Darstellung  geniigendes  Material  liefert,  muss  be- 
zweifelt  werden."  Two  works  had  appeared  before  Engel's: 
Ernst  Otto  Hopp's  Unter  dem  Sternenbanner  (Streifzuge  in  das 
Leben  und  die  Literatur  der  Amerikaner),  (Bromberg,  1877), 
und  Rudolf  Doehn's  Aus  dem  amerikanischen  Dichterwald 
(Leipzig,  1881).  In  1891  there  appeared  the  most  pretentious 
work  of  all,  Karl  Knortz'  Geschichte  der  nordamerikanischen 
Literatur  (2  vols.,  Berlin,  Lustenoder).  This  was  followed  in 
1898  by  E.  P.  Evans'  Beitrdge  zur  amerikanischen  Literatur-  und 
Kulturgeschichte.  Finally,  in  1912,  Kellner's  Geschichte  der 
nordamerikanischen  Literatur  (2  vols.),  was  published  in  the 
Goschen  series.15 

During  all  this  time  the  Germans  were  in  fact  taking  a  genu 
ine  interest  in  our  literature.  One  critic  writes  in  1876:  "Die 
Amerikaner  haben  auf  einem  ganz  eigenen  Boden,  in  ganz  eig- 
ner  Luft,  und  in  einem  ganz  eignen  Geiste  geschichtlicher  Ent- 
wickelung  ein  ganz  eignes  Leben  und  somit  auch  eine  ganz  eigne 
Literatur.  Obgleich  sie  noch  immer  wesentlich  mit  Leben  und 
Literatur  Englands  und  Deutschlands  zusammen  hangen  und  eng- 
lisch  wie  deutsche  Geisteswerke  immer  f risch  bei  sich  einburgern, 
haben  sie  doch  langst  auch  auf  eigne  Weise  denken  und  dichten 
gelernt."16  In  the  same  year  another  reviewer  calls  his  readers' 
attention  to  Duyckinck's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Literature 
from  the  earliest  time  to  the  year  1873:  "Sie  ist  an  und  fiir  sich 
eine  ganze,  fiir  die  gewahltesten  Familienkreise  passende  Biblio- 


16  These  works  and  others  are  discussed  in  more  detail  in  Chap.  II (d)  of 
this  study. 

™Mag0zin  fiir  die  Literatur  des  Auslandes,  April  15,  1876,  p.  228. 


14  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

thek  amerikanischer  Belletristik."17  Moreover,  even  after  the 
new  era  of  the  American  novel  had  begun  between  1870  and 
1875,  interest  did  not  wane  in  many  of  the  old  favorites.  Cooper 
remained  the  most  popular  American  author  for  many  years. 
Harriet  Beecher  Stowe's  latest  works  were  read  with  avidity, 
and  the  critics  speak  highly  of  her  "ausgesprochen  niichterne 
Prosa."18  But  lest  his  readers  forget,  we  find  the  reviewer  of 
Richardson's  Primer  of  American  Literature,™  reminding  them 
that  "Namen  wie  die  von  Washington  Irving,  Longfellow,  Bret 
Harte,  Bayard  Taylor,  erinnern  uns,  dass  es  auch  jenseits  des 
Oceans  eine  Literatur  giebt,  die  es  verdient,  dass  wir  Deutsche 
uns  eingehend  und  voll  Interesse  mit  ihrer  Entwickelung  und  Ge- 
schichte  beschaftigen."20 

In  spite  of  this  and  the  literary  histories  mentioned  above, 
American  literature  has  not  yet  been  fully  recognized  in  Ger 
many  as  distinct  from  the  English.  It  is  gratifying  to  note  that 
Wiilker's  Geschichte  dcr  englischen  Literatur,  usually  considered 
the  best  German  work  on  this  subject,  does  not  mention  our  litera 
ture.  Korting's  Grundriss  der  englischen  Literatur,21  however, 
still  considers  our  literature  more  or  less  British  and  gives  short 
notes  on  American  authors  and  refers  the  reader  to  the  Tauch- 
nitz  Catalogues  for  further  information.  The  Tauchnitz  edition 
is  still  generally  called  the  Collection  of  British  Authors?'2 
although  sixty-eight  of  its  four  hundred  and  ninety  authors  are 
American  23  (works  by  Cooper  and  Irving  being  among  the  first 
volumes  published  1841-1847),  and  among  them  are  the  very  best 
sellers.  Germans  themselves  realize  this  failure  to  properly  recog 
nize  American  literature,  as  e.  g.  when  Dr.  H.  Schmidt  24  speaks 
of  "die  mangelhafte  Beriicksichtigung,  die  die  englische  Literatur 
Amerikas  noch  immer  selbst  in  den  neuesten  Werken  iiber  eng- 


17  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Sept.  30,  1876,  p.  577- 

18  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Sept.  9,  1876,  p.  530. 
"Boston,  1879- 

30  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  June  21,  1879,  p.  394- 

M2nded. 

a  Cf.  any  volume  of  Kayser's  Bucher-Lexikon. 

"Up  to  June,  1914. 

"Die  Neueren  Sprachen,  Vol.  3,  p.  611  (1896). 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  15 

lische  Literatur  findet."25  E.  P.  Evans,  born  in  America,  but  a 
German  citizen  since  1870,  has  heroically  defended  our  literature 
and  accuses  the  British  of  attempts  to  prove  that  Irving  and 
Cooper  were  British-born,  "aber  die  reichhaltige  und  eigenartige 
Entwickelung  der  amerikanischen  Literatur  und  das  unverkenn- 
bare  Nationalgeprage,  welches  sie  fiihrt,  lasst  derlei  Verwechse- 
lungen,  selbst  mit  dem  bosesten  Willen,  kaum  mehr  vorkommen. 
— Nur  Herr  Baron  v.  Tauchnitz  scheint  immer  noch  bei  dem 
alten  Glauben  zu  bleiben,  dass  es  keine  amerikanische  Literatur 
gebe,  sonst  ware  es  ja  unerfindlich,  wie  er  die  bekannte  Schrift- 
steller  Hawthorne,  Henry  James,  Aldrich,  Howells,  Harte,  Long 
fellow  und  noch  viele  andere  unter  'British  authors'  subsumieren 
und  als  solche  verlegen  kann."26  H.  H.  Ewers  has  recently  writ 
ten  a  Fuhrcr  durch  die  moderne  Literatur?1  in  which  three  hun 
dred  authors  from  all  countries  are  presented  as  "die  geistige 
Elite  der  Kultur  unserer  Zeit  in  literarischer  Beziehung."  The 
only  Americans  who  are  considered  as  deserving  mention  are 
Poe,  Mark  Twain,  and  Walt  Whitman,  the  author  deploring  the 
lact  that  "der  Amerikaner  Walt  Whitman,  Leute  wie  Schlaf  und 
andere  eine  Zeitlang  in  seinen  Bann  zog."  Similar  treatment  is 
accorded  American  literary  men  in  Carl  Schmidt's  Der  moderne 
Roman,28  in  which  Upton  Sinclair  is  the  only  American  dis 
cussed  in  a  long  list  of  German,  French,  Russian,  English  and 
Italian  novelists.  On  the  other  hand,  Keiter  und  Kellen's  Der 
Roman29  finds  space  for  seventeen  American  novelists,  includ 
ing  all  the  important  ones  since  1870  with  a  few  exceptions. 

In  spite  of  this  apparent  ignoring  of  American  men  of  letters 
and  the  seeming  lack  of  appreciation  by  literary  historians  in 
Germany  of  our  right  to  a  place  in  the  literary  sun,  conditions  are 
not  such  as  we  might  judge  them  off-hand  to  be.  We  certainly 


26  Even  in  this  statement,  much  as  the  writer  would  like  to  see  American 
Literature  receive  a  more  prominent  recognition  in  Germany,  he  can  only 
think  of  achieving  this  greater  prominence  by  incorporating  a  more  extensive 
account  of  our  literature  in  the  Histories  of  English  Literature. 

26  Beitrage,  etc.,  p.  109,  Cotta,  1898. 

"  Berlin,  1906. 

28  Osnabriick,  1008. 

w  Essen-Ruhr,  1908. 


1 6  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

cannot  agree  with  Miss  Colbron,30  that  "until  a  few  years  ago 
American  literature  in  its  modern  form,  began  and  ended  with 
Bret  Harte  and  Mark  Twain  as  far  as  they  (i.  e.,  the  Germans) 
were  concerned."  Nor  can  we  adopt  the  standpoint  of  Charles 
A.  L.  Reed,  who  has  discovered  that  there  are  many  people  in 
Germany  who  speak  English.  He  says  :31  "The  American,  how 
ever,  who  felicitates  himself  that,  even  in  the  cities  (of  Germany) 
mentioned,  the  interest  in  the  English  language  engenders  inter 
est  in  the  literature  of  America  is  doomed  to  disappointment: 
for  whatever  interest  is  thus  aroused  centers  in  the  literature  of 
England ;  to  which  country  rather  than  to  America,  all  literature 
in  the  English  language  is  most  frequently  attributed/' 

That  not  only  Bret  Harte  and  Mark  Twain,  but  a  large 
number  of  other  American  novelists  are  eagerly  read  and  their 
latest  works  diligently  sought  after,  and  that  these  are  recog 
nized  by  most  of  their  readers  as  American  and  not  British,  will 
be  developed  in  the  course  of  this  study. 


CHAPTER  II. 
CHRONOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

(a)    Certain  Limitations. 

In  making  a  chronological  study  of  the  American  novel  in 
Germany  after  1870,  certain  limitations  must  be  borne  in  mind. 
It  would  be  useless  to  make  the  treatment  absolutely  exhaustive, 
for  the  reason  that  there  are  almost  countless  American  authors 
who  appear  only  in  our  nickel-  and  dime-novel  form,  but  are 
nevertheless  translated  and  made  commercially  valuable  by  enter 
prising  German  publishers.  This  ephemeral  "Revolver-fiction," 
as  the  Germans  call  it,  redounds  neither  to  our  credit  nor  does  it 
add  to  the  culture  of  Germany,  nor  does  it  enhance  our  literary 


'  The  Bookman,  March,  1914,  P-  45 
"Review  of  Reviews,  Vol.  29,  p.  459 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  17 

reputation  among  certain  undiscriminating  German  critics  who 
look  upon  these  works  as  typical  American  literature.  Such 
names  therefore  as  Old  Sleuth,  Frank  Pinkerton,  Lawrence 
Lynch,  Bertha  M.  Clay  and  an  endless  list  of  their  confreres, 
though  translated  and  eagerly  bought  and  devoured  by  the  Gas- 
senpobel,  cannot  form  part  of  our  investigation.  Where  such 
authors,  however,  such  as  Anne  Katherine  Greene,  have  had  an 
astounding  success  and  have  appeared  in  more  expensive  edi 
tions,  they  will  come  within  the  scope  of  this  study. 

Further,  let  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  treatment  aims  to 
give  the  extent  to  which  American  novelists  have  been  translated 
and  published  in  Germany,  only  however  in  so  far  as  they  really 
represent  the  new  American  novel,  which  began  to  develop 
around  1870.  Many  of  the  older  authors  continued  to  be  pub 
lished  in  Germany  after  this  date,  notably  Cooper,  Sealsfield, 
Walt  Whitman,  Artemus  Ward,  Hawthorne,  Poe,32  etc.  These 
men  had  either  died  before  the  new  American  novel  came  into 
being,  or,  with  a  large  number  of  minor  novelists,  continued  to 
represent  the  old  school  of  novelists  which  had  done  its  chief 
work  before  the  rise  of  Harte,  Twain,  James  and  Howells.  They 
are  therefore  not  considered  as  coming  within  the  limitations  of 
this  work. 

There  are  certain  other  authors  who  carried  the  American 
spirit  and  ideal,  or,  more  properly,  their  own  often  distorted  in 
terpretation  of  that  spirit,  into  Germany.  Because  they  were  not 
novelists,  they  cannot  be  treated  here,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
their  works  have  been  so  widely  spread  throughout  Germany 
that  they  have  done  much  to  influence  the  opinion  which  Ger 
many  has  of  us.  Among  these,  the  most  prominent  have  been 


82  Translations : 

Emerson— Karl  Federn,  Halle,  1897. 
Poe — Lachmann,  Berlin,  1891. 

H.  &  A.  Moller-Bruck,  Minden,  1901. 
Whitman — Knortz  u.  Rolleston,  Zurich,  1889. 
K.  Federn,  Minden,  1004. 
Schoelermann,  Leipzig,  1904. 
Franklin — Friedrich  Kapp,  Berlin,  1882. 
Hawthorne — Kuenstler,  Leipzig. 
Parkman— Kapp,  Stuttgart,  1875. 


1 8  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

Andrew  Jackson  Davis,  Ralph  Waldo  Trine,  whose  In  Tune  with 
the  Infinite  was  recently  the  most  widely  read  American  book  in 
Germany,  Orison  Swett  Harden  and  Sheldon  Leavitt.  Other 
more  familiar  names,  such  as  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Helen  Keller, 
Andrew  Carnegie  and  William  James  found  a  great  response  to 
their  literary  efforts  among  the  higher  classes  in  Germany. 

For  convenience  sake,  it  has  been  thought  wise  to  group 
the  publications  between  1871  and  1890  in  four  distinct  sub 
divisions  (1871-1876,  1877-1882,  1883-1886,  1887-1890).  After 
1890  certain  important  events  make  it  advisable  to  discuss  each 
year  separately  up  to  and  including  1913. 

(b)   The  History. 

In  1871,  1872  and  1873  Germany  was  still  in  the  process  of 
readjusting  herself  after  her  war  with  France  and  the  establish 
ment  of  the  German  Empire.  There  seems  to  have  been  little  or 
no  demand  for  foreign  authors  so  that  in  the  year  which  saw  the 
conclusion  of  peace,  only  one  work  of  the  newer  American  school 
came  into  being.  It  was  Charles  Dudley  Warner's  (1829-1900) 
My  Summer  in  a  Garden.  This  was  published  at  Leipzig  by 
Lowe,  and  created  a  very  good  impression.  What  pleased  par 
ticularly  was  the  description  of  Paris  in  its  imperial  gala  array 
of  1868,  prior  to  the  terrible  events  which  followed — war  and 
revolution.  A  critic  remarks :  "Es  tat  unserem  deutschen  Herzen 
wohl,  solche  Worte  zu  lesen  wie :  'One  gets  to  love  Germany  and 
the  German  as  he  does  no  other  country  and  people  in 
Europe.  .  .  ."33 

The  only  novel  which  can  be  definitely  fixed  in  1872  is  Louisa 
M.  Alcott's  Bin  Madchen  aus  der  guten  alien  Schule.34  The 
work  appeared  in  better  binding  than  Warner's  book  of  1871  and 
cost  Mk.  7.50.  Evidently  the  edition  did  not  sell  as  rapidly  as 
expected  at  this  price,  for  in  1874,  when  the  next  edition  ap 
peared  the  price  had  been  reduced  to  Mk.  6.  But,  as  we  shall  see, 
Miss  Alcott  became  very  popular  in  Germany  five  years  later. 


JM.  /.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Nov.  9,  1872,  P.  586. 
*  Stuttgart,  Nitzschke,  1872. 


The  American  Not* el  in  Germany,  1871-1913  19 

In  the  years  1871-1876,  Baron  Tauchnitz,  who  had  been 
publishing  British  and  American  novels  since  1841,  began  to  offer 
to  Germany  the  first  volumes  of  the  new  American  novel.  It  is 
not  surprising  that  Bret  Harte  and  Mark  Twain,  who  were 
destined  to  become  the  most  popular  of  all  American  writers  and 
strong  rivals  of  Cooper  in  the  esteem  of  the  German  people,  lead 
the  procession.  Of  Bret  Harte's  works,  Idyls  of  the  Foot-hills, 
Prose  and  Poetry  and  Gabriel  Conroy,  the  latter  being  the  author's 
only  attempt  at  a  full-length  novel,  appeared.  Of  Twain's  works 
only  the  Adventures  of  Tom  Sawyer  was  published.  But  other 
Tauchnitz  editions  of  this  period  marked  the  opening  of  a  great 
future  popularity,  e.  g.,  Miss  Alcott's  Little  Women.  F.  L.  Bene 
dict's  St.  Simon's  Niece  and  N.  Sheppard's  Shut  up  in  Paris  be 
long  to  this  period,  but  neither  one  of  these  authors  ever  appeared 
again  in  German  publishing  houses. 

The  first  translation  of  Bret  Harte  came  out  in  1873,  being 
Kalifornische  Novellen?*  In  the  following  year  the  firm  of 
Grunow  in  Leipzig  read  the  public  mind  with  sufficient  accuracy 
and  began  to  issue  its  series  of  Amerikanische  Humoristen. 
Between  1874-1876,  eleven  volumes  were  issued  in  this  series, 
two  by  Aldrich,  six  by  Mark  Twain  (Charles  Dudley  Warner 
being  co-author  of  Das  vergoldete  Zeitalter),  two  by  Artemus 
Ward  and  one  by  Max  Adeler.  Adeler  received  praise  from  a 
critic  because  he  amuses  his  readers  "ohne  Verletzung  der  die 
englische  Sprache  in  ihrer  Construction  und  Orthographic  re- 
gelnden  Gesetze,"36  a  thing  which  Artemus  Ward  and  other 
humorists  were  constantly  guilty  of.  In  1874  the  first  novel  of 
Elizabeth  Prentiss  to  appear  in  Germany,  Fritz  und  Marie  und 
Ich,  was  published  by  Nusser  at  Itzehoe.  The  edition  was  very 
cheap  (75  Pf.),  but  the  next  year,  1875,  Die  Perle  der  Familie 
appeared  in  Basel  and  gave  her  a  more  general  reputation  than 
the  first  work.  Harte's  Argonauten  Geschichten  appeared  this 
year  with  Grunow. 

In  1876,  Miss  Prentiss  seems  to  have  become  known,  for 


85  Leipzig,  Quandt  und  Handel,  1873. 
MM.  /.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Sept.  8,  1877,  P-  54& 


2O  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

Schneider  in  Basel  published  another  of  her  books,  Die  Familic 
Percy.  In  this  year  Grunow  followed  up  his  Amerikanischt 
Humoristen  series  of  1874-1876,  with  a  new  series  of  Amerika- 
nische  Novellisten.  Here  Henry  James,  Jr.,  greets  the  Ger 
man  public  for  the  first  time  with  his  Ein  leidenschaftlicher 
Erdenpilger  and  Roderick  Hudson.  These  two  novels  and  Har- 
te's  Gabriel  Conroy  complete  the  series.  But  it  did  not  complete 
the  translation  and  publication  of  Gabriel  Conroy.  Reclam  issued 
a  translation,  as  did  also  Hallberger  in  Stuttgart,  Janke  in  Ber 
lin,  and  Hartleben  in  Vienna.  Not  to  be  outdone  by  his  fellow- 
publishers,  Auerbach  in  Stuttgart  started  a  Transatlantische  Ro- 
manbibliothek,  in  which  Gabriel  Conroy  also  appeared.  Thus  we 
are  presented  with  the  strange  phenomenon  of  a  novel,  which  both 
American  and  European  literary  criticism  had  assailed  unfavor 
ably,  appearing  seven  times  in  one  year  in  a  foreign  land,  once 
in  Tauchnitz  and  six  times  in  German  translation.  The  Ger 
man  public  was  beginning  to  awaken  to  the  charms  of  Bret 
Harte's  Far  West  with  its  gold  mines  and  its  motley  adventurous 
throng  and  were  demanding  his  latest  works  as  fast  as  they  ap 
peared  in  America.  Auerbach's  Transatlantische  Bibliothek 
also  introduced  a  new  American  novelist  to  German  readers  in 
the  publication  of  Howell's  Voreilige  Schlusse.  This  year  had 
been  a  banner  year  for  Bret  Harte,  ten  volumes  of  his  work  ap 
pearing  in  various  parts  of  Germany. 

The  year  1877  was  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  interest  in 
Louise  M.  Alcott.  Grunow  put  editions  of  Kleine  Frauen  und 
Kleine  Manner  on  the  market,  while  Valett  and  Com 
pany  (Bremen)  issued  a  cheap  edition  of  Kleine  Frauen. 
This  was  only  one  of  many  cases  in  which  Tauchnitz  pub 
lished  some  popular  American  novel  in  English,  only 
to  have  it  followed  by  numerous  German  translations  in  the 
next  year  or  following  years.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  this 
Leipzig  firm  did  a  great  and  important  work  in  demonstrating  to 
publishers  and  translators  that  the  new  American  novel  would 
find  as  enthusiastic  an  audience  in  Germany,  both  in  its  original 
form  and  in  translation  as  Cooper,  Sealsfield,  Poe  and  other  ear 
lier  masters  had  found.  Grunow  continued  his  activity  this  year 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  21 

with  two  new  volumes  in  the  Amerikanische  Humoristen  series, 
one  each  by  Mark  Twain  and  T.  B.  Aldrich  as  well  as  adding 
James'  Der  Amerikaner  to  his  Amerikanische  Novellisten. 

Between  1877-1882,  Tauchnitz'  publication  of  American 
novels  took  a  decided  step  forwards.  Two  volumes  by  Aldrich, 
one  by  Miss  Alcott,  the  anonymous  novel  Democracy,  one  vol 
ume  by  Habberton,  Helen 's  Babies,  eight  volumes  by  Harte,  two 
by  Blanche  Willis  Howard,  three  by  Howells,  nine  by  James,  one 
by  Miss  Prentiss  and  six  by  Mark  Twain, — thirty-four  in  all, 
were  published  by  this  firm. 

The  Transatlantische  Romanbibliothek ,  now  in  the  hands  of 
Abenheim,  Berlin,  added  James'  Die  Amerikaner,  Eggleston's 
Schulmeister  von  Flat-Creek  ("ein  liebliches  Idyll"  a  reviewer 
calls  it)  and  Adeler's  Munchhausen  in  America  in  1877.  Aben 
heim  also  published  two  volumes  of  Bret  Harte  in  inexpensive  edi 
tions.  Miss  Prentiss'  Stepping  Heavenward,  which  Tauchnitz  had 
already  published,  appeared  this  same  year  in  German  transla 
tion  37  and  reached  its  third  edition. 

Bret  Harte  was  again  the  centre  of  interest  in  1878,  Aben 
heim  publishing  five  volumes  at  one  mark  per  volume.  Howell's 
Dean:  Bilhnenspiel  ohne  Coulissen  also  appeared  with  Abenheim. 
Reclam  added  H.  James'  Bug  en  Pickering  and  Janke  (Berlin)  his 
Der  Amerikaner. 

Although  Reclam  issued  two  volumes  of  Mark  Twain  and 
Abenheim  four  more  volumes  of  Bret  Harte  in  1879,  the  most 
significant  publication  was  Habberton's  Tante  Jettchen  (Aben 
heim),  for  this  was  the  first  appearance  of  Habberton,  who  was 
destined  to  become  a  household  name  among  the  Germans,  in  Ger 
man  translation. 

Two  newcomers  make  their  appearance  in  1880,  Boyesen 
and  Julian  Hawthorne.  Boyesen's  Gunnar  38  made  a  very  good 
impression  and  was  widely  read.  Its  romantic,  poetic  legends  and 
superstitions  gave  the  story  "etwas  naiv-mystisches,  das  an  das 
Volksmarchen  erinnert."39 


87  Basel,  Schneider,  1877. 

88  Breslau,  Sdiottlander,  1880. 

K  \  ossische  Zeitung,  Sontt.  Beil,  June  20,  1880. 


22  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

Barthol  and  Company  in  Berlin  began  their  Englische  Ro- 
manbibliothek  in  1881,  and  the  first  two  volumes  published  were 
George  W.  Cable's  Grandissimes.  Miss  Prentiss'  Himmelcw, 
reached  its  fourth  edition  and  a  new  English  Library  40  published 
a  volume  of  Mark  Twain's  Sketches. 

This  English  Library  was  not  without  its  rivals,  for  in  1882 
Barthol's  Englishe  Romanbibliothek,  which  had  been  inaugurated 
the  year  before,  published  two  volumes  of  Francis  Hodgson 
Burnett  and  one  of  Albion  W.  Tourgee.  Nevertheless  Rudolphi 
&  Klemm  kept  pace  by  publishing  Margorie  Daw  by  Aldrich  and 
Harte's  Tales  of  the  Argonauts.  In  Hamburg  there  arose 
another  rival  to  these  two  firms  who  were  giving  Germany  the 
best  that  the  authors  of  Great  Britain  and  America  had  to  offer. 
This  was  Asher's  Continental  Library,  published  by  Gradener  and 
Richter.  In  this  year  ( 1882  )  they  put  forth  two  volumes  by  Miss 
Burnett,  A  Fair  Barbarian  and  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's,  Edgar 
Fawcett's  A  Gentleman  of  Leisnre,  Habberton's  Some  Folks 
and  Other  Folks,  and,  in  a  more  expensive  binding  and  under 
the  general  title  of  Asher's  Collection  of  English  Authors,  British 
and  American,  another  edition  of  Some  Folks.  Reclam  continued 
its  competition  with  the  more  expensive  publications  with 
Aldrich's  Prudence  Palfrey  und  andere  Erzahlungcn,  Habberton's 
Allerhand  Leute,  and  nine  volumes  by  Bret  Harte.  Between 
1877-1882  began  the  publication  of  Anne  Katharine  Greene's 
works  in  Behrend's  Eisenbahn  Unterhaltungcn  with  Schein  und 
Schuld,  which  created  a  taste  for  this  authoress  that  kept  the  pub 
lishers  of  criminal  and  detective  novels  very  busy  for  many  years 
to  come. 

Tauchnitz'  publication  of  the  anonymous  Democracy  bore 
its  fruit,  for  in  1883  no  less  than  four  editions  of  the  German 
translation  appeared.  A  new  firm  entered  the  race  to  gain  some 
of  the  profit  which  Bret  Harte's  works  were  pouring  into  pub 
lishers'  treasuries,  namely  Breitkopf  and  Hartel  (Leipzig),  who 
published  in  1883  a  neat  volume  of  Harte's  Neueste  Novellen. 

In  1884  and  1885,  Demokratisch  reached  its  fifth  edition. 


*  Rudolphi  &  Klemm,  Zurich,  1881. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  23 

Miss  Prentiss  had  not  been  forgotten,  for  Was  Lizzie  Erzdhlte 
und  Gentleman  Jim  were  issued  in  one  volume  by  Bohme  (Leip 
zig).  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps'  1m  Jenseits  reached  a  second  edi 
tion  in  1885,  and  Burnett's  Die  schdne  Barbarin  was  added  to 
Barthol's  Englische  Romanbibliothek. 

Tauchnitz  and  the  other  publishers  of  various  series  and 
Bibliotheken  were  again  unusually  prolific  between  1882-1886. 
In  these  years,  Tauchnitz  issued  one  volume  by  Miss  Alcott,  one 
by  Miss  Burnett,  seven  by  F.  Marion  Crawford,  who  entered  the 
German  book  market  at  this  time,  two  by  J.  C.  Fletcher  (Geo. 
Fleming),  two  by  Habberton,  one  by  L.  B.  Halstead  (B.  Elbon), 
four  by  Bret  Harte,  one  by  Blanche  W.  Howard,  nine  by  Howells, 
one  by  Helen  Hunt  Jackson,  five  by  Henry  James,  Jr.,  and  three 
by  Mark  Twain.  Reclam  between  1883-1886  issued  Aldrich's 
Die  Tragodie  von  Still-water  and  was  the  first  German  publisher 
to  present  in  translation  the  famous  story  by  Habberton,  Helene's 
Kinderchen.  Two  developments  in  this  period  meant  much  for 
the  future  of  the  American  novel  in  Germany.  Engelhorn  in 
Stuttgart  began  in  1884  to  publish  his  Allgemeine  Romanbiblio 
thek.  Eine  Auswahl  der  bestern  modernen  Romane  oiler  Volker. 
The  editions  were  inexpensively  bound  in  50  Pf.  and  75  Pf. 
volumes,  and  thus  all  classes  had  access  to  them.  A  volume  of 
Boyesen's  short  stories  was  the  first  American  contribution  and 
was  followed  in  1885-1886  by  two  volumes  of  Harte.  The 
other  important  publication  of  1886  was  the  beginning  of  the 
Sternenbanner-Serie,^  a  series  devoted  to  American  humorists. 
Stockton's  Ruderheim  and  Twain's  Unterwegs  und  Daheim  were 
its  first  numbers.  The  cost  per  volume,  Mk.  2.50,  guaranteed  a 
strongly  though  plainly  bound  volume  that  would  stand  the  wear 
and  tear  of  time.  Asher's  Continental  Library  added  Mrs.  Bur 
nett's  Louisiana,  while  Harte's  In  the  Carquinez  Woods  and 
Julian  Hawthorne's  Dust  were  the  new  volumes  in  Asher's  col 
lection  in  1886.  Rose  Terry  Cooke,  unknown  to  the  large  mass 
of  the  German  people,  was  introduced  to  a  small  religious  circle 
through  her  Bin  Laien-Prediger,  published  as  a  religious  tractate 


btuttgart,  Lutz,  1886. 


24  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

for  20  Pf.  Twenty-six  years  later  (1912)  it  was  republished  by 
Ott  in  Gotha,  but  one  would  have  great  difficulty  in  finding  a 
German  today  who  had  ever  heard  of  its  author. 

The  period  between  1882-1886  had  witnessed  a  great  accel- 
"eration  in  the  history  of  the  American  novel  in  Germany.  Many 
publishers  had  taken  an  interest  in  American  literature,  who  pre 
viously  had  probably  scorned  the  literary  efforts  of  the  "Jenseits." 
There  was  a  general  awakening  of  interest  among  all  classes, 
since  everyone  could  afford  to  buy  the  cheap  Reclam  and  Engel- 
horn  editions,  while  Asher's  and  Tauchnitz's  volumes  supplied 
those  whose  education  had  given  them  a  reading  knowledge  of 
English.  The  Germans  realized  that  the  way  to  learn  a  language 
was  to  read  copiously  in  that  language,  and  to  read  something 
that  interests  as  well  as  instructs.  This  trend  of  thought  led 
naturally  to  the  reading  of  the  best  that  English  and  American 
literature  offer,  and  was  thus  responsible  largely  for  the  keen  in 
terest  in  our  novel.  American  humor  became  better  known 
through  the  Sternbanner-Scrie  and  increased  this  interest. 

Short  stories  by  Aldrich,  Stockton,  Bischop,  Deming,  Mat 
thews  and  O'Brien  were  added  to  the  Sternenbanner-Serie  in 
1887,  while  Boyesen  and  Burnett  appeared  in  Engelhorn.  Der 
kleine  Lord,  by  Burnett,  was  the  first  German  translation  of  Little 
Lord  Fauntleroy,  which  became  as  popular  as  Helens  Babies 
and  Tom  Sawyer.  A  new  translation  of  Twain's  Prince  and 
Pauper  was  published  by  the  Verlag  der  "deutschen  Heimat"  in 
Konstanz  as  Furst  und  Bettler.  Miss  Prentiss'  Himmelan  ap 
peared  in  a  new  edition  and,  though  never  known  in  Germany  as 
a  novelist,  S.  Weir  Mitchell  became  known  to  German  medical 
students  through  Behandlung  gewisser  Formen  von  Neurasthenic 
und  Hysterie.  But  most  significant  of  all  was  the  publication  of  a 
two-volume  edition  of  Wallace's  Ben  Hur,  the  first  appearance  of 
this  famous  novel  in  Germany.  The  Deutsche  Verlags-Anstalt 
issued  four  editions  of  Ben  Hur  in  this  year,  while  O.  Hendel 
(Halle)  in  his  Bibliothek  der  Gesamtliteratur  des  In-  und  Aus- 
landes  printed  both  the  usual  25  Pf.  edition  and  a  Prachtbancl 
edition. 

In  1888,  Tauchnitz  published  Ben  Hur  and  the  Stcrnban- 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  25 

ner  Serie  added  Twain's  Leben  auf  dem  Mississippi.  In  the  next 
year  "die  Perle  der  Sammlung,"  as  one  critic  expresses  it,  was 
added  to  the  Sternbanner-Serie,  namely,  Blanche  W.  Howard's 
Guenn.  This  reviewer  finds  in  it  "eine  ausserst  seltene  Gestal- 
tungskraft  und  dazu  eine  echte  Poesie  der  Stimmung."42  It  is  in 
teresting  to  note  that  Paul  Heyse  wrote  a  warm  letter  of  praise 
for  this  novel  and  its  author.  Ben  Hur  reached  its  fifth  edition 
in  1889.  The  socialistic  organ  Vorwarts  brought  another  name 
before  the  German  people  which  soon  became  universally  known, 
by  the  publication  in  its  Berliner  Arbeiter  Bibliothek  of  a  fifteen 
Pf.  edition  of  Ein  sozialistischer  Roman  (Looking  Backward}, 
by  Edward  Bellamy. 

Tauchnitz  presented  a  number  of  new  authors  between 
1887-1890.  Besides  a  volume  of  Miss  Alcott,  Bellamy's  Looking 
Backward,  Mrs.  Burnett's  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  and  Sara 
Crewe,  seven  novels  by  Crawford,  eight  volumes  by  Bret  Harte, 
two  by  Blanche  W.  Howard  and  two  by  Mark  Twain,  we  also 
find  Margaret  Deland's  John  Ward  Preacher  and  A.  C.  Gunter's 
Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York.  The  former  pleased  because  of  the 
comparison  between  the  quaint  old-fashioned  life  of  Ashurst  and 
the  busy  religious  atmosphere  of  Lockhaven.43  Reclam  published 
Bellamy's  Ruckblick  and  Dr.  Heydenhoff's  W  under  kur,  Mrs. 
Burnett's  Der  kleine  Lord  Fauntleroy  and  several  others  between 
1887-1890.  The  Sternbanner  added  volumes  by  Cable,  Twain 
and  Anne  Katherine  Green  in  1890.  Altogether  Bellamy's  works 
were  published  by  five  firms  in  1890,  and  the  edition  of  Ruck 
blick,  which  O.  Wigand  (Leipzig)  put  forth  went  through  six 
editions  in  this  one  year.  A  Zehnpfennig  Bibliothek  in  Berlin 
published  volumes  of  Boyesen,  Octave  Thanet  (Alice  French) 
and  a  short  story  by  Mark  Twain.  Engelhorn's  Romanbibliothek 
presented  Gunter's  Mr.  Potter  aus  Texas,  while  the  firm  of  Lii- 
stenoder  (Berlin)  published  volumes  by  Miss  Alcott,  Habberton, 
Harte  and  Stockton.  Amelie  Rives  made  her  first  appearance  in 
Der  Lebende  oder  der  Tote,  while  Reclam  issued  the  only  work 
of  E.  P.  Roe,  Wie  sick  Jemand  in  seine  Frau  verliebt,  that  ever 

42  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  March  30,  1889,  p.  213. 
"Herrig's  Archiv,  Vol.  84  (1890),  p.  189. 


26  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

appeared  in  Germany.  Frank  Hopkinson  Smith,  who  had  not 
yet  been  introduced  into  Germany  as  a  novelist,  is  represented  in 
1890  through  his  book  of  travel  Pleinair-Studicn  aus  Spanien, 
Holland  und  Italien. 

From  1891  on  we  do  not  meet  with  the  same  difficulty  in 
determining  the  exact  year  in  which  the  Reclam  and  Tauchnitz 
volumes  are  issued,  for  the  year  is  in  most  cases  appended  to  each 
volume  even  when  long  lists  occur  in  the  catalogues.  For  three 
years  (1891-1893)  there  is  a  steady  stream  of  publication  of 
American  novelists,  but  in  1894  a  decided  falling  off  occurs,  as 
will  be  seen  from  the  figures  below. 

Bellamy  was  again  the  central  figure  in  1891.  His  Riickblick 
was  published  in  Meyer's  Volksbiicher,  which  sold  at  the  ridicu 
lously  small  price  of  10  Pf.  Reclam  reprinted  his  Dr.  Heyden- 
hofs  Wunderkur,  which  they  had  issued  the  year  before,  and 
added  Miss  Ludington's  Schwester.  O.  Hendel  (Halle)  offered 
Maud  Elliot  in  his  Gesamtliteratur,  etc.,  series  and  Fischer  (Ber 
lin)  issued  a  second  cheaper  edition  of  Fr'dulein  Ludington's 
Schwester.  Tauchnitz  published  volumes  by  Burnett,  Crawford, 
Richard  Harding  Davis,  Julien  Gordon,  Bret  Harte  and  Richard 
Henry  Savage.  Davis  and  especially  Savage,  the  former 
through  his  Gallegher,  the  latter  through  My  Official  Wife,  be 
came  well  known  and  cherished  by  German  readers  in  the  follow 
ing  years.  A  new  movement  to  place  before  the  people  the  best 
English  and  American  works  in  the  original  and  at  exactly  the 
same  rate  at  which  the  Tauchnitz  volumes  sold,  Mk.  1.60,  was 
begun  in  this  year  in  the  formation  of  another  English  Library, 
by  Heinemann  and  Balestier  (Leipzig).  Nine  volumes  by  Amer 
ican  authors  appeared  in  this  first  year,  the  most  interesting  fact 
being  that  the  authors  chosen  were  scarcely  known  up  to  this 
time.  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison  with  Anglomaniacs  and  Mary  E. 
Wilkins  with  A  Far-away  Melody  and  A  Humble  Romance  had 
never  appeared  in  Germany  before,  while  Margaret  Deland, 
Amelie  Rives  and  Charles  Dudley  Warner  were  practically  un 
known,  whereas  Howells  and  James,  the  real  leaders  of  the  new 
realistic  novel  in  America,  were  known  to  the  German  public 
which  did  not  read  English,  only  through  the  translation  of  one 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  27 

volume  each.  However  since  this  English  Library  presented  the 
novels  in  the  original,  it  may  be  assumed  that  Tauchnitz  editions 
of  Howells  and  James  had  already  revealed  the  great  novellistic 
ability  of  these  leaders  to  the  cultured  German  public.  Bret 
Harte  continued  his  unrivalled  popularity  with  editions  by  Hen- 
del  and  in  Meyer's  Volksbucher.  Ben  Hur  reached  its  sixth  edi 
tion,  while  Heichers  and  Skopnik  (Berlin)  published  two  addi 
tional  works  by  Wallace :  Die  hehre  Gottheit  und  Jesu  Kind- 
schaft.  Helenen's  Kinderchen  appeared  in  Engelhorn's  Roman- 
bibliothek,  as  did  also  two  volumes  by  Julien  Gordon.  Lutz 
(Stuttgart)  began  to  issue  his  Sammlung  ausgew'dhlter  Krimi- 
nal  und  Detektiv  Romane,  with  volumes  by  Anne  Katherine 
Green  and  Julian  Hawthorne. 

There  are  five  new  names  in  1892,  Wolcott  Balestier,  Am 
brose  Bierce,  Lloyd  Osbourne,  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin  and  Con 
stance  F.  Woolson.  Heinemann  and  Balestier 's  English  Library 
is  responsible  for  introducing  three  of  these,  Balestier,  Osbourne 
and  Woolson.  Two  volumes  of  Balestier  appeared,  The  Average 
Woman  and  Naulahka,  written  in  conjunction  with  Rudyard 
Kipling.  Bierce's  In  the  Midst  of  Life,  a  new  Tauchnitz  volume, 
brought  forth  much  unfavorable  criticism:  'Teh  erinnere  mich 
nicht,  jemals  ein  Werk  der  sogenannten  schonen  Literatur  mit 
demselben  Ekel  gelesen  zu  haben,  wie  In  the  Midst  of  Life,  von 
dem  ich  nicht  begreife,  wie  es  in  die  Tauchnitz  collection  Auf- 
nahme  finden  konnte."44  No  work  of  Bierce's  was  ever  pub 
lished  in  Germany  again,  a  conclusive  proof  that  he  created  an 
unsavory  impression.  The  translation  of  K.  D.  Wiggin's  Christ 
mas  Carol  appeared  as  Die  Geschichte  von  Vogel's  Weihnachts- 
Rdschen.^  Miss  Wiggins  was  also  to  have  a  bright  future 
among  her  German  admirers,  as  the  following  years  will  show. 
Reimer  (Berlin)  issued  German  translations  of  four  novels  of 
Marion  Crawford,  at  exactly  the  same  price  as  the  Tauchnitz 
volumes,  Mk.  1.60,  in  order  to  compete  on  even  terms.  Edward 
Eggleston,  two  of  whose  works  had  already  appeared  in  Ger- 


"Herrig's  Archiv,  Vol.  88  (1892),  p.  444. 
48  Leipzig,  P.  Mobbing,  1892. 


28  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

many,  made  his  last  appearance  in  The  Faith  Doctor  (Tauch- 
nitz).  This  work  received  great  praise  as  a  social  satire.46  En- 
gelhorn,  Lutz  and  O.  Hendel  continued  their  publications  of 
American  authors,  while  Heinemann  and  Balestier  added  new 
works  by  James  and  Lloyd  Osbourne  besides  introducing  the 
three  new  authors  mentioned  above. 

There  were  no  new  authors  in  180,^?.  This  year  proved 
another  great  year  for  Crawford,  six  of  whose  novels  were  is 
sued,  and  Bret  Harte,  nine  of  whose  works  made  their  appear 
ance.  Lutz,  whose  Detective  Series  had  flourished  the  year  be 
fore,  only  issued  one  work  of  this  type,  A.  K.  Green's  Endlich 
gefunden.  Tauchnitz  put  ten  new  American  novels  on  the 
market,  the  most  significant  being  two  by  Miss  Wiggin,  whose 
popularity  had  suddenly  flared  into  being  the  year  before.  The 
Deutsche  Verlagsanstalt  of  Stuttgart  became  unusually  active 
with  volumes  by  Bellamy,  Bret  Harte  (three)  and  Stockton 
(two).  Margaret  Deland's  most  famous  novel  appeared  as 
Johannes  Ward,  die  Geschichte  eines  Geistlichen,  but  she  is  not 
heard  of  again  in  Germany  for  the  next  seventeen  years. 

The  next  year  (1894)  witnessed  a  decrease  of  almost  fifty 
per  cent,  in  the  publication  of  American  novels.  Not  a  single 
work  of  Howells  or  James,  only  one  of  Mark  Twain  and  two  of 
Crawford,  to  mention  the  prominent  novelists,  appeared.  Miss 
Burnett's  Theo,  eine  Liebesgeschichte,  appeared  in  two  transla 
tions,  one  in  Berlin,  the  other  in  Frankfurt  a/O.  Reclam  and 
Engelhorn  each  published  only  one  American  novel,  while  Tauch 
nitz'  contribution  of  six  novels  was  not  up  to  his  usual  standard 
of  ten  or  more.  Miss  Prentiss'  Himmelan  continued  popular 
and  reached  its  sixth  edition. 

The  year  1895  proved  to  be  more  disastrous  than 
1894.  Miss  Burnett  occupies  the  centre  of  interest.  No  less 
than  seven  novels  by  this  authoress  came  from  the  press,  one 
of  them,  Klein  K'dtchen,  reaching  its  fifth  edition  in  one  year. 
Mrs.  Craigie  (J.  O.  Hobbes)  makes  her  first  appearance  with 
The  Gods,  Some  Mortals  and  Lord  Wickenham  (Tauchnitz). 


*  Mil teilungen  aus  dem  gesamten  Gebiete   der  englischen  Sprache   und 
Literatur.    Beiblatt  zu  "Anglia"  Vol.  3  (July,  1892),  p.  93- 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  29 

Though  not  frequently  translated  or  even  published  in  the  orig 
inal,  this  authoress  created  much  discussion  and  critical  com 
ment  in  German  literary  circles.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higgin- 
son's  work  on  women  appeared  as  Die  Frauenfrage  und  der  ge- 
sunde  Menschenvcr  stand,  but  the  author,  like  S.  Weir  Mitchell 
and  Frank  Hopkinson  Smith,  never  became  known  to  Germans 
as  a  novelist.  Howells,  who  had  not  been  heard  from  since 
1891,  was  restored  to  the  public  by  Engelhorn  in  Pflichtgefiihl. 

The  American  novel  was  almost  restored  to  its  normal  basis 
in  1896,  even  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  it  required  Lutz' 
Kriminal  und  Detektiv  Romane  to  swell  the  low  total  output 
which  the  last  two  years  had  shown.  Nine  novels  by  A.  K. 
Green  appeared  in  this  collection.  Miss  Burnett  with  four 
novels,  Bret  Harte  with  three,  Savage  with  four,  and  Mark 
Twain  with  four,  kept  these  prominent  authors  in  the  fore 
ground.  Interest  in  Crawford  had  received  a  severe  check  and 
we  do  not  hear  of  him  again  until  1900.  Harold  Frederic  was 
the  newcomer  with  two  volumes  in  the  Tauchnitz  edition,  but  his 
Illumination  or  Damnation  of  Theron  Ware  displeased  a  certain 
critic,  because,  to  use  his  own  words,  "Was  die  Verfasserin  selbst 
denkt,  bleibt  geflissentlich  unausgesprochen."47  But  Frederic 
was  not  disliked  by  the  critics,  and  the  whole  German  nation  has 
felt  grateful  to  him  for  his  interesting  study  of  Emperor  Wil 
liam  II,  which  appeared  in  1890. 

This  leads  us  to  another  low  mark  in  the  history  of  Amer 
ica's  novel  in  Germany,  for  in  1897  the  total  number  of  publica 
tions  falls  below  the  low  total  of  1894.  But  it  is  somewhat  en 
couraging  to  find  at  least  one  new  novelist.  Stephen  Crane  made 
his  only  appearance  in  Germany  with  Maggie,  das  Strassenkind. 
Harte  and  Savage  lead  with  three  novels  each,  while  Mark 
Twain's  Millionenpfundnote  is  published  by  two  firms.  It  is 
quite  astounding  to  note  that  Tauchnitz  published  only  two  novels, 
Harte's  Ancestors  of  Peter  Atherly  and  Savage's  A  Modern 
Corsair.  Heinemann  and  Balestier  continue  their  reputation  for 


47  Herrig's  Archiv,  Vol.  100  (1898),  p.  435.  It  is  difficult  to  determine 
why  the  reviewer  thinks  that  Harold  Frederic  is  a  woman,  unless  it  be  that 
his  portrayal  of  feminine  character  is  so  minute  in  its  details  that  only  a 
woman  could  have  interpreted  it  as  he  does. 


30  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  i^/ 

publishing  the  lesser  known  American  authors  by  issuing  Lloyd 
Osbourne's  Ebb-tide.  A  Trio  and  a  Quartette,  written  in  con 
junction  with  Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  Engelhorn  added  only 
one  American  novel  to  their  collection :  Savage's  Die  Hexe  von 
Harlem. 

For  the  next  five  years  (1898-1903),  Mark  Twain  is  the 
great  bright  light  that  forces  all  competing  authors  into  total  or 
semi-darkness.  1898  was  a  great  improvement  over  1897,  an 
advance  of  at  least  fifty  per  cent,  in  productivity.  In  1898  Lutz 
published  a  series  of  Twain's  Ausgcwdhlte  humoristische  Schrif- 
ten,  consisting  of  six  volumes,  also  a  more  expensive  binding  of 
Meine  Reise  um  die  Welt,  and  Der  Querkopf  Wilson  in  his  Kri- 
minal  und  Detektiv  series.  Lutz  also  published  three  volumes  of 
Stockton,  which  he  also  called  his  Ausgewdhlte  humoristische 
Schriften.  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  of  Miss  Burnett  received  the 
honor  of  being  taken  into  Herbig's  (Berlin)  series  of  Modern 
English  Authors,  a  series  which  included  only  the  very  best,  as 
such  names  as  Cooper,  Longfellow,  Hawthorne,  Dickens,  Tenny 
son,  E.  B.  Browning,  Robert  Browning,  George  Eliot,  Scott, 
Byron  and  others  testify.  This  was  Mary  E.  Wilkms'  best 
year,  with  two  volumes  in  Tauchnitz  and  a  volume  of  translated 
short  stories,  published  by  Perthes  (Gotha).  Helen  Hunt  Jack 
son's  Ramona,  which  had  already  appeared  in  Tauchnitz  and  in 
1886  was  published  in  German,  now  reached  the  second  edition 
of  the  German  version.  Kiirschner's  Biicherschatz,  which  had 
begun  only  the  year  before  to  include  American  authors  in  its 
20  Pf.  and  40  Pf.  editions,  offered  a  volume  of  Savage  and  one 
of  Bret  Harte.  Most  of  Lutz'  Kriminal  und  Detektiv  Romane 
reached  their  second  edition,  especially  those  of  A.  K.  Green. 

Although  1898  had  produced  no  new  American  novelist,  the 
year  1899,  even  though  it  witnessed  fewer  volumes  published, 
nevertheless  brought  some  new  names  before  the  people.  The 
most  important  newcomer  was  Gertrude  Atherton,  whose  works 
were  not  frequently  translated,  but  who  nevertheless  became 
well  known  to  the  educated  public  and  the  literary  critic  through 
the  many  Tauchnitz  volumes  which  bear  her  name.  Lutz  con 
tinued  to  make  good  use  of  A.  K.  Green  and  Julian  Hawthorne 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  31: 

in  his  detective  series,  while  R.  Jacobsthal  in  Berlin  tried  to  com 
pete  with  him  in  a  series  of  Amerikanische  Detektiv  Romane, 
containing  such  immortal  names  as  Old  Sleuth,  Frank  Pinker- 
ton,  etc.,  by  adding  a  touch  of  real  literary  flavor  in  the  publica 
tion  of  volumes  by  Twain  and  Poe.  Another  new  name  which 
called  forth  much  comment  in  the  periodicals,  although  not  a 
single  work  of  hers  was  translated  into  the  German,  was  Elizabeth 
Robins  (C.  E.  Raimond)  whose  The  Open  Question  appeared 
this  year.  Zwissler  (Wolfenbiittel)  admitted  the  first  American 
novelist  to  his  Hausbibliothek,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps'  Bin  ei- 
genartiges  Leben  im  Dienste  des  Herrn.  Hollis  Godfrey  ap 
peared  for  the  first  time  in  Germany  with  his  Rejuvenation  of 
Miss  Semaphore  (Tauchnitz). 

The  year  1900  was  another  banner  year  for  Mark  Twain. 
No  less  than  ten  of  his  works  were  published  in  that  year.  Aid- 
rich  returned  after  a  thirteen  years'  absence  from  the  German 
book  market  in  O.  Mendel's  (Halle)  inexpensive  edition  of 
Marjorie  Daw  itnd  andere  Erzahlungen  in  his  Bibliothek  der  Ge- 
samtliteratur,  etc.  George  W.  Cable  was  also  heard  from  after 
ten  years'  silence  in  a  volume  of  the  Bucherei  Bruns  (Minden), 
namely,  Am  der  alien  Kreolen-Zeit.  Hollis  Godfrey  was  taken 
into  Fehsenf eld's  Romansammlung  (Freiburg  i/B),  with  Fr'du- 
lein  Eulalia's  grdssliches  Abenteuer.  Three  volumes  of  Craw 
ford  appeared  in  this  collection,  indicating  a  demand  for  trans 
lations  of  the  better  authors  in  inexpensive  form,  the  Fehsenfeld 
volumes  selling  for  50  Pf.  and  75  Pf.  Miss  Prentiss'  Himmelan 
reached  its  seventh  edition,  and  Blanche  W.  Howard  made  her 
last  appearance  in  Germany  with  Toni,  die  Kammerjungfer,  pub 
lished  in  the  Kleine  Bibliothek  of  Breer  und  Thiemann.  Bret 
Harte  had  by  no  means  been  forgotten,  for  From  Sand-hill  to 
Pine  appeared  in  Tauchnitz  and  a  new  edition  of  Im  Walde  von 
Carquinez.48  Richard  H.  Davis'  Gallegher  appeared  in  Erzah 
lungen  aus  dem  Unterhaltungsblatt  fur  Stenographen.  American 
novels  had  on  more  than  one  occasion  been  used  for  reading  and 
writing  exercises  by  various  shorthand  systems,  but  this  is  the 


48  Rheinische  Union,  Stuttgart,  1900. 


,.      -A 


32  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

first  appearance  of  an  American  novel  as  pure  entertainment  de 
signed  especially  for  stenographers. 

Mark  Twain  in  1901  fell  one  short  of  his  1900  record,  with 
nine  volumes  published  in  Germany  by  seven  different  firms.  A 
new  edition  of  Ben  Hur  appeared  in  Berlin  (A.  Weichert),  Miss 
Alcott's  Little  Women  appeared  twice  and  three  volumes  of  Mrs. 
Burnett,  including  of  course  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  helped  to 
increase  her  already  great  popularity.  Cable's  Aus  alien  Kreolen- 
Tagen,  issued  the  year  before  by  Bruns  in  Minden,  seems  to  have 
pleased,  for  a  new  edition  appeared  in  1901,  better  bound  and 
more  expensive  than  the  year  before.  It  is  interesting  to  recall 
the  doubt  expressed  by  a  certain  critic,  upon  the  appearance  of 
Old  Creole  Days  in  America  back  in  1888:  "Wie  lange  er  aus 
dieser  Quelle  (i.  e.f  the  life  of  the  old  French  settlers  of  New 
Orleans)  schopfen  kann  ohne  sie  zu  erschopfen,  und  ob  er  auf 
einem  anderen  Felde  ebenso  erfolgreich  sein  wird,  ist  fraglich,"4<J 
and  then  to  note  how  true  this  prophecy  seemed  to  the  Germans 
when  Bylow  Hill  appeared :  "Bylow  Hill,  seine  erste  im  Norden 
spielende  Erzahlung  hat  enttauscht.  Wenn  auch  der  Dichter  in 
der  Person  der  Heldin  und  ihrer  Mutter  siidliche  Typen  nach 
Neuengland  verpflanzt  hat,  so  scheint  er  doch  dort  nicht  in  sei- 
nem  Element  zu  sein."50  A  very  important  newcomer  of  this 
year  is  Frank  Norris,  whose  Octopus  appeared  in  Tauchnitz. 
Norris'  name  became  very  well  known  in  the  next  few  years. 

The  wave  of  publications,  which  had  been  at  its  height  in 
1891  and  1892,  and  again  between  1896-1901,  with  low  points 
in  1894,  1895  and  1897,  experienced  another  decided  drop  in 
1902.  This  proved  to  be  the  last  low  mark,  even  though  the  in^ 
crease  in  publications  up  to  the  banner  year  of  1912  was  not  as 
rapid  as  the  increased  output  of  novels  in  America  seemed  to 
warrant.  Four  editions  of  Ben  Hur  appeared  in  1902,  the  Volks- 
ausgabe  of  the  Deutsche  Verlagsanstalt  reaching  its  eighty-third 
edition  and  the  more  expensive  edition  by  the  same  firm  its  eighty- 
second.  In  Reutlingen,  Enslin  and  Laiblin  issued  a  Volksaus- 


49 M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  May  22,  1888,  p.  341. 
50  Das  literarische  Echo,  Sept.,  1902,  p.  1712. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  33 

gabe  and  a  better  edition.  Bret  Harte  seemed  to  lose  no  popu 
larity,  as  five  volumes  from  him  testify.  But  Miss  Atherton, 
James,  Howells,  Miss  Wiggin  and  Miss  Wilkins  are  not  heard 
from.  Mrs.  Burnett  is  second  to  Harte  with  four  volumes,  two 
of  them  being  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy.  Grunow's  edition  of  Miss 
Alcott's  Kleine  Frauen  reached  a  third  edition.  Crawford  and 
Savage  each  received  an  addition  to  their  lists. 

The  number  of  novels  in  1903  was  almost  double  that  of 
the  previous  year.  There  are  four  new  names  to  add  to  the  list : 
Irving,  Bacheller,  Thomas  Dixon,  Jr.,  Henry  Harland  and 
George  Horace  Lorimer.  Bacheller's  Eben  Holden  did  not  excite 
much  interest,  for  only  one  other  work  of  his  has  up  to  this  time 
been  published  in  Germany.  The  possibility  of  Dixon's  Leopard's 
Spots  retarding  or  at  least  injuring  the  proper  development  and 
education  of  the  negro  by  picturing  him  "als  ein  raubsiichtiges, 
blutdiirstiges  Gesindel"  wherever  he  appears,  caused  much  un 
favorable  criticism.51  Henry  Harland,  the  publication  of  whose 
works  in  the  next  four  years  was  restricted  to  Tauchnitz  and  En- 
gelhorn,  became  known  to  Germany  through  The  Cardinal's  Snuff 
box.  We  find  it  variously  described  as  "Eine  Tochterpensionat- 
geschichte"  and  "eine  reizende  idyllische  Liebesgeschichte."  Lori 
mer  's  Briefe  eines  Dollarkonigs  an  seinen  Sohn  was  eagerly  read 
and  ran  up  to  six  editions  in  this  and  the  following  year.  Mark 
Twain,  however,  was  still  par  excellence  the  American  author, 
and  in  1903  another  set  of  his  Humoristische  Schriften  appears 
with  Lutz,  including  five  novels.  Besides  these,  four  other  vol 
umes,  in  two  cases  later  editions  of  works  in  Lutz'  Kriminal  und 
Detektiv  Romane,  appeared.  In  Velhagen  und  Klasing's  English 
Authors,  Miss  Alcott's  Good  Wives  was  published. 

Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  and  Ben  Hur  had  become  so  well 
known  that  they  proved  the  most  popular  works  of  1904.  Three 
English  and  one  German  version  (Der  kleine  Lord)  appeared, 
and  three  editions  of  the  latter  were  issued.  K.  Thienemann 
(Stuttgart)  issued  a  splendid  new  leather  edition,  with  gold  edg- 


81  Cf.  Literarisches  C entralblatt ,  July  4>  1903,  p.. 202,  and  Das  literarische 
Echo,  June,  1902,  p.  1283. 


34  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

ing,  for  Mk.  10,  as  well  as  cheaper  editions,  down  to  Mk.  4. 
Miss  Atherton  was  gaining  in  favor,  as  three  new  Tauchnitz  vol 
umes  demonstrate.  The  new  names  for  the  year  are  Jane  G. 
Austin  and  Henry  F.  Urban.  Miss  Austin's  volume  of  short 
stories  appeared  with  Velhagen  und  Klasing  and  marked  her 
only  invasion  of  Germany.  Urban,  an  American  who  wrote  in 
German,  and  therefore  is  scarcely  known  in  America,  became 
very  popular  because  of  his  supposedly  true  pictures  of  Ameri 
can  life.  The  Concordia  Verlagshaus  (Berlin)  published  almost 
all  of  his  works  in  Germany.  Paul  Leicester  Ford  was  added  to 
Lutz'  Kriminal  Series  with  Das  Abenteuer  im  Expresszug,  which 
reached  a  fifth  edition  in  1911.  His  better  works,  such  as  the 
historical  novel  Janice  Meredith  never  became  known  to  the  Ger 
mans.  "Als  Geschichtsforscher  und  Bibliograph,"  says  a  critic 
who  had  read  Janice  Meredith,  "hat  der  Verfasser  Vorzugliches 
geleistet  .  .  .  als  ein  belehrendes  Geschichtsbuch  ist  es  zu  em- 
pfehlen."52  A  new  work  of  A.  K.  Green's,  The  Filigree  Ball, 
which  with  one  exception  was  her  only  novel  seriously  consid 
ered  by  any  literary  critic,  did  not  provoke  very  favorable  com 
ment.  The  volume  is  spoken  of  as  "unsinniges  Geschwatz,"  and 
the  authoress  "hat  ihrer  Phantasie  die  Zugel  schiessen  lassen."53 
Mrs.  Burnett  with  five  volumes  in  1905,  Bret  Harte  with 
five,  and  Mark  Twain  with  four,  give  the  best  proof  to  the  state 
ment  that  the  old  favorites  did  not  soon  lose  the  affection  of  the 
people  after  they  had  once  made  themselves  popular.  But  a  real 
rival  to  the  old  guard  had  developed  formidable  proportions  by 
1905  in  the  publication  of  four  works  by  Miss  Atherton.  There 
were  no  new  authors  this  year.  Howells  returned  after  an  ab 
sence  from  the  book-market  of  four  years,  with  Miss  Bellard's 
Inspiration  (Tauchnitz).  Lorimer's  Neue  Brief e,  u.  s.  w.,  were 
published  by  Fleischel  and  reached  four  editions.  Habberton's 
Helens  Babies  was  included  for  the  first  time  in  Velhagen  und 
Klasing's  school  texts,  in  the  section  for  English  Authors.  Miss 
Wiggin's  Rebecca  of  Sunnybrook  Farm  became  so  popular  that 


Literarisches  Centralblatt,  May  5,  1900,  p.  791. 
Literarisches  Centralblatt,  April  22,  1905,  p.  173. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  35 

Engelhorn  issued  a  translation,  Rebekka  von  Sonnenbachhof  in 
a  four-mark  edition  instead  of  his  usual  50  Pf.  and  75  Pf.  vol 
umes. 

Three  important  features  characterize  the  development  in 
1906.  Ben  Plur  had  gained  such  wide-spread  popularity  that 
seven  editions  appeared,  two  of  these  being  in  Graz,  Styria. 
Another  feature  is  the  only  appearance  of  Westcott's  David 
Harum,  which  had  appeared  in  America  seven  years  before 
(1899).  In  Germany  it  was  looked  upon  as  "typisch  amerika- 
nisch,"  but  for  that  very  reason  it  pleased  readers  and  critics  alike 
who  were  always  anxious  to  learn  more  concerning  the  genuine 
unadulterated  small-town  American  citizen.54  A  more  important 
novelty  of  the  year  was  the  publication  of  Upton  Sinclair's  Der 
Sumpf  (The  Jungle)  in  a  bound  edition  and  a  Volksausgabe,  be 
sides  an  inexpensive  edition  of  the  same  author's  Der  Industrie- 
baron.  Sinclair's  Sumpf  aroused  almost  as  much  interest  as  it 
did  in  America  and  was  commented  freely  upon  not  only  by 
literary  critics,  but  also  by  German  commercial  and  governmental 
interests.  Mrs.  Edith  Wharton,  only  two  of  whose  works  ap 
peared  in  Germany,  but  who  nevertheless  received  constant  atten 
tion  by  the  critics,  made  her  debut  in  The  House  of  Mirth.  There 
is  another  whom  Germany  had  not  known  before  this  year,  but 
who  leaped  into  fame  at  one  bound — Lafcadio  Hearn.  His 
Kokoro  and  Lotos,  four  thousand  copies  of  the  latter  being  sold 
the  first  year,  appeared  in  German  translation  with  the  Literari- 
sche  Anstalt,  Frankfurt  a/M.  Irving  Bacheller  made  his  second 
and  last  appearance  in  Silas  Strong,  a  novel  which  the  Germans 
felt  was  written  for  American  readers  alone :  "Andere  diirften 
in.  dem  mageren  Inhalte  und  der  absonderlichen  Schreibweise  we- 
nig  Gefallen  finden."55 

Thomas  Dixon,  Jr.'s  Schwarz  und  Weiss  appeared  in  1907, 
although  it  had  been  announced  to  appear  in  1904.  The  criticism 
of  the  American  original,  The  Leopard's  Spots,  in  1903  had  been 
so  severe  that  the  Hesperus  Verlag  in  Berlin  hesitated  to  issue 


64  Das  literarische  Echo,  Dec.  I,  1899. 

66  Literarisches  Centralblatt,  Dec.  7,  1907,  P-  420. 


36  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

the  translation  until  the  tumult  had  somewhat  subsided.  Two 
versions  of  Mrs.  Burnett's  Der  kleine  Lord  appeared,  as  well  as 
her  Die  hiibsche  Schwester  von  Jose  in  Kurschner's  Biicherschatz. 
Hearn  had  become  so  well  known  that  Tauchnitz  published  three 
of  his  works,  Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan,  Kokoro,  and  Kwai- 
dan,  while  Izumo  appeared  in  translation  at  Frankfurt  a/M.  The 
two  important  newcomers  are  Jack  London  and  Tom  Lawson. 
The  former's  Wenn  die  Natur  ruft  was  the  only  novel  of  Lon 
don's  to  appear  in  this  year,  but  one  of  his  political  studies  ap 
peared  as  Municipals  oziallsmus  in  England.  Lawson's  Freitag  der 
Dreisehnte  was  not  taken  seriously  by  German  critics,  a  fate 
which  had  already  befallen  the  original  in  America.  While  it 
was  being  translated  into  many  languages  and  reached  countless 
masses  of  people  in  all  Europe  as  well  as  in  Germany,  we  find 
that  the  prevailing  opinion  sums  it  all  up  with  "Mangel  an  kunst- 
lerischem  Formensinn  in  Aufbau  der  Handlung  wie  in  der  diirf- 
tigen  Sprache."56  Another  reviewer  is  a  little  harsher  when  he 
speaks  of  London's  work  as  "ohne  literarischen  Wert,"  and  later, 
"es  wirkt  wie  eine  uberlegene  Parodie  auf  sich  selbst."57  The 
long-expected  translation  of  Norris'  Octopus,  which  was  pub 
lished  in  the  Tauchnitz  series  in  1901,  finally  appeared  in  1907, 
and  almost  immediately  reached  a  second  edition.  Ben  Hur  was 
again  issued  by  three  different  publishers,  while  Mark  Twain 
had  another  unusually  good  year  with  six  volumes.  Miss  Wig- 
gin  had  become  especially  known  to  the  younger  people  through 
Frey tag's  "Schulausgaben"  of  her  works,  and  her  Rebekka  von 
Sonnenbachhof  now  became  accessible  to  all  in  the  50  Pf .  Engel- 
horn  edition. 

Mark  Twain  had  seen  the  rise  and  fall  of  many  minor 
authors,  but  continued  to  remain  as  popular  as  ever.  In  1908 
new  editions  of  four  of  his  works  came  out.  Hearn's  Kyushu, 
with  three  thousand  copies  sold  the  first  year,  kept  this  author 
before  the  people.  Owen  Wister  was  translated  and  introduced 
to  Germany  for  the  first  time  in  Novellen  aus  dem  Abenteuerle- 


'Das  Literarische  Echo,  Sept.  15,  IQO7,  P-  1800. 
'  Literarisches  Centralblatt,  June  22,  1907,  p.  218. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  37 

ben  des  Wilden  Westens.  Such  works  as  McGrath's  Der  Mann 
auf  dem  Bock  continued  to  be  translated  and  published  in  Engel- 
horn,  Kiirschner,  Meyer's  Volksbiicher,  etc.,  but  cannot  claim  our 
attention  here. 

Lutz'  criminal  and  detective  stories  had  reached  so  many  edi 
tions  that  he  published  a  more  expensive  series  called  Detektiv 
Gryce  Serie,  in  1909  and  1910.  The  series  consists  of  six  vol 
umes  by  A.  K.  Green,  all  of  which  had  already  appeared  in 
cheaper  form.  They  were  advertised  as  being  far  above  the 
average  criminal  novel  and  not  to  be  confused  with  "anstossige 
Lektiire"  of  the  Nick  Carter  type.  We  find  that  the  Vossischc 
Zeitung  remarks,  concerning  one  of  these  six  novels,  Hinter  ver- 
schlossenen  Turen:  "Wohltuend  ruhrt  es,  dass  der  Verfasser 
diese  Wirkung  nicht  durch  die  Spekulation  auf  den  Instinkt  fur 
das  Sensationelle,  sondern  vielmehr  durch  die  geschickt  erson- 
nene  Handlung,  und  deren  mit  psychologischem  Verstandnis 
durchgefuhrte  Entwicklung  erreicht."  Again  we  read  in  the 
Literarisches  Centralblatt,  referring  to  Schein  und  Schuld  and 
Hand  und  Ring:  "Was  soil  man  iiber  diese  Erzeugnisse  sagen? 
Sie  sind  jedenfalls  nicht  von  der  schlechten  Art,  wenn  sie  uns 
auch  den  Eindruck  machen  wie  alle  Vertreter  dieser  Gattung, 
nach  einem  und  demselben  Rezept  verfertigt  zu  sein."58  This 
indicates  that  there  was  not  an  absolute  aversion  to  this  higher 
grade  detective-literature,  especially  since  the  critic  adds:  "Es 
soil  literarisch  sehr  anspruchsvolle  Menschen  geben,  die  die  Ver- 
suchung,  einen  Detektivroman  zu  Ende  zu  lesen,  nicht  widerste- 
hen" — Hearn's  Kwaidan  now  appeared  in  German  translation 
and  soon  reached  its  third  thousand.  A  new  Ben  Hur  was  pub 
lished  by  Schreiter  (Berlin)  in  the  Sammlung  Kulturhistorischer 
Romane,  which  included  such  novels  as  Quo  Vadis,  Monte 
Cristo,  David  Copper  field,  Der  ewige  Jude,  Glockner  von  Notre 
Dame,  etc.  Clara  Louise  Burnham  made  her  only  appearance  in 
Germany  in  Juwel — Bin  Kapitel  aus  ihrem  Leben.  Sinclair's  Die 
Borsenspieler  went  through  two  editions,  and  Mark  Twain 
added  five  more  publications  to  his  list. 


68  Literarisches  Centralblatt,  March  26,  1910,  p.  136. 


38  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

The  year  1910  finds  Hearn  leading  the  list  with  eight  new 
publication  or  later  editions  of  old  works.  F.  H.  Burnett  and 
Bret  Harte  have  four  volumes  this  year,  while  Twain  has  six. 
Urban's  new  book,  Die  drei  Dollar jager  aus  Berlin,  met  with  the 
same  hearty  welcome  that  all  his  previous  works  had  experienced. 
Many  Germans  read  all  of  Urban's  works,  who  had  never  heard 
of  Howells,  James  or  Miss  Atherton.  The  American  dramatist, 
with  whom  the  American  drama,  according  to  certain  critics, 
takes  its  beginning  in  1870,  Bronson  Howard,  is  represented  in 
this  year  of  1910  with  his  only  work  which  found  publication  in 
Germany,  Meeresgold.  As  a  dramatist  Germany  never  knew 
him.  Howells  had  not  been  entirely  forgotten,  for  his  Tuscan 
Cities,  originally  published  in  Heinemann  and  Balestier's  English 
Library  in  1891,  now  reappeared  after  nineteen  years  in  a  new 
edition.  Even  Henry  James,  Jr.,  had  not  appeared  on  the  new 
book  lists  since  1892,  but  Tauchnitz  rescued  him  and  restored  him 
to  the  public  in  The  Finer  Grain. 

The  year  1911  records  no  diminution  of  interest  in  Ben  Hur. 
Five  editions  were  published  in  this  year.  Many  of  Twain's 
works  received  new  editions,  while  Harte  only  had  one  work  pub 
lished.  It  can  be  seen  that,  popular  though  Bret  Harte  was,  he 
could  not  outstrip  Mark  Twain  in  the  estimation  of  the  German 
people.  Three  editions  of  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  appeared,  two 
being  English  school  texts,  the  other  being  published  by  the 
Lehrerhausverein  fur  Oberosterreich  in  Linz.  After  nineteen 
years,  Heinemann  and  Balestier  issued  a  new  edition  of  Bale- 
stier  and  Kipling's  Naulahka.  The  Literarische  Anstalt  of  Stutt 
gart  published  Das  Japanbuch.  Eine  Auswahl  aus  Hearn's  Wer- 
ken,  which  reached  its  twelfth  thousand.  In  Twietmeyer's 
Sammlung  englischer  Original  ausgaben  fur  Schul-  und  Privat- 
Studium,  Lorimer's  Letters  from  a  Self-made  Merchant  to  His 
Son,  which  had  already  appeared  both  in  Tauchnitz  and  in  trans 
lation,  was  revived  for  school  use. 

The  banner  year  of  all  was  1912,  even  though  it  presents  the 
paradox  of  having  the  most  American  novels  published  within  its 
limits,  without  a  single  work  of  the  most  popular  American  au 
thor,  Mark  Twain,  being  among  them,  Henry  James,  Jr.,  had 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  39 

received  a  new  lease  on  life,  as  two  new  volumes  testify.  Jack 
London  increased  his  reputation  with  three  Tauchnitz  volumes 
and  another  volume,  Wolfsblut,  in  German  translation.  Harte 
and  Hearn  had  only  one  volume  each,  while  F.  Marion  Crawford 
appeared  with  two.  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy  continues  its  phenom 
enal  popularity  with  four  new  editions,  three  German  and  one 
English.  An  English  and  a  German  edition  of  Helen's  Babies 
were  published.  Stockton's  Ausgewdhlte  Schriften,  originally 
published  in  1898  by  Lutz,  appeared  in  a  new  edition.  Norris'  Pit 
is  published  as  Die  Getreideborse.  Two  of  Miss  Wilkins'  novels 
were  published  in  Heinemann  and  Balestier's  English  Library. 
Miss  Allcott's  Aus  der  Knabenwelt  and  Aus  der  M'ddchenwelt 
each  reached  its  third  edition. 

The  last  year  which  we  shall  consider  (1913)  indicated  a 
decided  decrease  from  the  year  before.  Although  Twain  is  well 
represented  and  Jack  London  holds  his  prominent  place  with 
three  new  Tauchnitz  volumes,  Harte,  Howells  and  James  have 
absolutely  disappeared,  while  Crawford,  Wallace  and  Burnett 
each  have  only  one  volume  published.  It  seems  almost  fitting 
that  it  should  be  so,  namely,  that  the  names  of  Harte,  Howells 
and  James,  the  leaders  and  teachers  of  the  later  American  realis 
tic  novelists,  should  close  through  their  departure,  not  necessarily 
forever,  this  great  period  which  they  had  opened. 

The  remaining  pages  of  Chapter  II  are  devoted  to  a  chrono 
logical  table,  which  summarizes  statistically  the  history  of  our 
novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913,  and  to  a  general  statement  of  the 
determining  factors  in  that  history.  This  study  has  brought  us 
to  the  brink  of  the  Great  World  War  of  1914,  whose  influence 
upon  German  American  cultural  relations  cannot  be  foreseen, 
nor  even  imagined. 

(c)  Chronological  Table. 

(Containing  the  number  of  American  volumes  of  the  later 
school  of  novelists  [1871-1913]  published  in  Germany,  both  in 
the  original  and  in  translation,  and  not  including  certain  works 
without  literary  merit,  which  appeared  only  in  the  cheapest 


40  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  i#7/-ipij 

Volksbibliotheken.     A  few  works  are  also  included  which  were 
written  in  collaboration  with  foreign  authors.) 


1871-1876 

32 

1877-1882 

88 

1883-1886 

59 

1887-1890 

72 

1891 

4i 

1892 

43 

1893 

34 

1894 

i? 

1895 

15 

1896 

29 

1897 

16 

1898 

30 

1899 

25 

1913 

1900 

3i 

1901 

34 

1902 

19 

1903 
1904 

33 
28 

1905 
1906 

4i 
39 

1907 
1908 

45 
29 

1909 

30 

1910 
1911 

42 
46 

1912 

52 

27 

Summary: — 87   novelists.;  997  novels  or  volumes  of 
novelettes. 

(d)  Determining  Factors. 

In  attempting  to  fix  some  definite  causes  for  the  rising  and 
falling  of  the  American  novel  in  Germany,  one  is  confronted  by 
a  confusing  array  of  facts  and  circumstances,  some  of  which  may 
have  had  a  general  or  even  a  particular  influence,  but  most  of 
which  bear  too  remote  a  relation  to  the  problem  on  hand  to  give 
us  much  enlightenment.  It  is  the  purpose  in  the  following  section 
to  point  out  some  of  these  circumstances  and  to  attempt  an  as 
signment  of  them  to  their  proper  place  in  the  history  of  the  Amer 
ican  novel  in  Germany,  wherever  that  is  possible. 

With  eighty-seven  American  novelists  and  nine  hundred  and 
ninety-seven  American  novels  or  volumes  of  short  stories  (or 
novelettes)  published  in  Germany  between  1871-1913,  with  a 
host  of  minor  writers  of  fiction,  whom  we  do  not  mention  in  the 
same  breath  with  American  literature,  we  cannot  say  that  our 
novel  has  been  neglected  in  Germany.  But  that  it  might  have 
had  even  greater  success  under  other  conditions  may  be  gleaned 
from  the  following  interesting  circumstance,  The  American 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  41 

novelist  has  rarely  taken  as  his  background  the  life  and  customs 
of  Germany  and  the  Germans.  This  may  be  because  the  French 
man,  the  Italian,  the  Spaniard,  and  even  the  Englishman  exhibit 
more  of  the  romantic  and  sentimental  in  their  external  life  than 
the  German.  The  best  qualities  of  the  German  are  usually  bound 
up  in  his  innermost  personality  and  come  to  the  surface  only  when 
put  to  the  test.  He  is  introspective  and  individualistic  in  his  pri 
vate  life  and  does  not  lend  himself  to  the  pliable  treatment  that 
the  average  American  novelist  demands.  In  consequence,  the 
German  and  his  country  have  been  brushed  aside  when  foreign 
themes  and  backgrounds  were  searched  for.  A.  B.  Maurice  50 
has  pointed  out  that,  of  the  leading  American  novels  dealing  with 
foreign  countries,  twenty-six  had  their  background  in  the  British 
Isles,  twenty-one  in  France,  twenty- four  in  Italy,  four  in  Ger 
many  and  one  in  Austria.  In  the  Tauchnitz  collection,  which  in 
cluded  four  hundred  and  thirty-seven  of  the  most  prominent 
works  of  sixty-eight  American  authors,  up  to  June,  1914,  only  six 
deal  directly  with  German  or  Austrian  conditions.60  Evidently 
Germany  and  Austria  have  not  appealed  to  the  American  novel 
ist's  imagination.  It  is  reasonable  to  assume  that,  had  the  same 
attention  been  given  to  Germany  as  to  Britain,  France  and  Italy, 
at  least  those  novels  dealing  with  Germany  would  have  been 
translated  and  read,  and  would  doubtless  have  led  to  a  keener 
interest  in  American  letters.  Here,  then,  we  find  a  very  good 
reason  for  the  apparent  lack  of  interest  among  Germans  in  our 
novel-literature  taken  as  a  whole,  such  as,  e.  g.,  is  accorded  the 
French,  Russian  and  British  novel-literature.  This,  however, 
did  not  affect  the  diametrically  opposite  warmth  of  interest  in 
our  most  uniquely  American  products,  such  as  those  of  Harte, 
Twain,  Habberton,  Bellamy,  etc. 

The  various  histories  of  America  literature  and  important 
literary  contributions,  which  discussed  American  literature,  did 


69  Bookman,  Vol.  27  (1908),  p.  246. 
"Gertrude  Atherton:    Tower  of  Ivory  (Munich). 
F.  Marion  Crawford:    Greifenstein  (Schwarzwald). 
A  Cigarette-Maker's  Romance. 

Blanche  W.  Howards :   The  Open  Door. 

The  Witch  of  Prague  (Prague). 

Mark  Twain:  A  Tramp  Abroad. 


42  -The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  187 

contribute  their  share  in  stimulating  interest.  We  noted  above 
that  Scherr's  Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Literatur,  even  in  its 
later  editions  of  1875  and  1880,  had  given  but  little  separate 
recognition  to  our  literature  and  had  mingled  our  authors  in 
discriminately  with  the  British  authors.  But  it  is  nevertheless 
gratifying  to  find  that  a  genuine  Geschichte  der  nordamerikani- 
schen  Literatur,  by  Brunnemann,  appeared  as  early  as  1868. 
Although  this  immediately  precedes  the  opening  of  our  period, 
the  work  probably  aroused  little  attention.  Very  enthusiastic 
in  its  spirit,  it  leaves  no  real  hope  in  the  minds  of  students  that 
a  great  future  is  in  store  for  the  literature  of  our  reconstructed 
Republic.  But  in  1876  appeared  Thomas  Wentworth  Higgin- 
son's  Geschichte  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord-Amerika  in 
popular er  Darstellung  (Auerbach,  Stuttgart).  It  was  illustrated 
with  numerous  wood-cuts  and  contained  three  maps.  It  was 
meant  for  the  public  at  large  and  unquestionably  added  to  the  in 
terest  and  understanding  of  America  among  the  German  middle 
classes.  The  increase  of  eighty-eight  published  volumes  in  the 
five  years  between  1877-1882  over  the  thirty-two  between  1871- 
1876  is  very  significant  and  may  be  traced  partly  to  Higginson's 
work.  Ernst  Otto  Hopp's  Unter  dem  Sternenbanner.  Streif- 
zuge  in  das  Leben  und  die  Literatur  der  Amerikaner*1  was  an 
important  contribution  to  the  spread  of  knowledge  concerning 
America  and  her  literature.  Rudolf  Doehn's  Aus  dem  Ameri- 
kanischen  Dichterwald  (Leipzig,  1881),  was  an  attempt  to  form 
ulate  a  chronological  history  of  American  literature,  but  it  be 
came  known  to  but  a  limited  circle  of  people,  and  probably  ex 
erted  no  influence  on  those  who  had  heretofore  not  concerned 
themselves  with  American  men  of  letters.  As  early  as  1883, 
Eduard  Engel  added  an  appendix  on  American  literature  to  his 
Geschichte  der  Englischen  Literatur,  and  later  this  was  published 
separately  as  Geschichte  der  Literatur  Nordamerikas.  Wiilker, 
the  greatest  of  all  among  the  historians  of  English  literature  in 
Germany,  refused  to  add  an  account  of  American  literature, 
"weil  diese  Literatur  selbstandig,  nicht  als  Anhangsel  behan- 
delt  werden  musse."  Engel's  work,  though  short  and  concise, 
but  written  in  his  warm,  sympathetic  tone  of  admiration,  prob- 


81  Bromberg,  Fischer,  1877. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  43 

ably  helped  to  make  the  fifty-eight  volumes  published  in  three 
years  (1883-1886)  so  encouraging-  an  increase  over  the  thirty- 
two  volumes  in  five  years  of  the  preceding  decade  (1871-1876). 
Karl  Knortz,  who  had  already  done  much  in  stirring  up  interest 
in  Germany  for  our  literature  through  his  translation  of  our 
poets,  contributed  a  masterful  work  in  his  Geschichte  der  Nord- 
amerikanischen  Literatur*2    This  was  an  attempt  to  fill  a  long- 
felt  need,  for  Engel's  work,  though  splendid  in  quality,  was  too 
sketchy  to  give  sufficient  information  on  any  particular  subject. 
But  Knortz'  two-volume  history  was  a  "work  which  for  com 
prehensiveness,  accuracy  and  appreciativeness  compares  favor 
ably  with  any  of  our  own  text-books  on  American  literature."63 
Its  striking  fault  is  that  it  tries  to  be  too  comprehensive  and  in 
cludes  many  minor  authors  who  contributed  little  or  nothing  to 
our  literature.     In  reviewing  Knortz'  work,  Ernst  Otto  Hopp, 
author  of   Untcr  dem  Sternenbanner,  remarks:     "Es  steht  zu 
fiirchten,  dass  auch  diese  Knortz'sche  Literaturgeschichte  ameri- 
kanischer  Namen  kein  grosses  Terrain  erobern  und  die  Papier- 
kosten  des  Verlegers  kaum  decken  wird."64     Unfortunately  it 
cannot  be  stated  that  this  most  thorough  of  all  histories  of  Amer 
ican  literature  in  Germany  had  any  direct  influence  on  the  reading 
and  spread   of  contemporary  American  novelists.     After   two 
years  in  which  the  novel  seems  to  hold  its  own,  the  terrific  slump 
of  1894-1897  occurs.     At  the  opening  of  this  period,  in  1894,  a 
series  of  lectures  was  delivered  by  Frank  Sintenis  in  the  Univer 
sity  of  Dorpat,  including  lectures  on  Bret  Harte,  Bellamy  and 
Mark  Twain.     These  were  published  under  the  title  of  Literari- 
sche  Ansichtcn  in  Vortragen,  but  can  scarcely  have  reached  far 
beyond  the  small  circle  of  those  who  heard  the  lectures.     Fol 
lowing    close    upon    Sintenis'    work,    we    find  Edward  Payson 
Evans'  Beitr'dge  zur  Amerikanischen  Literatur-  und  Kulturge- 
schichte  (Stuttgart,  1898).     This  is  a  work  of  undoubted  merit. 
Its  author  was  born  in  America,  but  since  1870  had  been  living 
in  Germany  and  was  for  all  practical  purposes,  a  German.    This 
volume,  which  had  previously  appeared  as  a  series  of  articles  in 


*  Liistenoder,  Berlin,  1891. 

63  H.  H.  Peckham  in  South  Atlantic  Monthly,  Oct.,  1914,  p.  382  ff. 

"Englische  Studien,  Bd.  XVII  (1892),  p.  237. 


44  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

prominent  periodicals,  seems  to  place  a  new  life  and  meaning 
into  our  literature  for  the  German,  and  it  cannot  reasonably  be 
doubted  that  the  increased  demand  for  American  literature,  which 
resulted  in  the  increased  publication  between  1898-1901  can  be 
partly  attributed  directly  to  Evans'  incisive  and  interesting  ar 
ticles. 

In  1899,  Karl  Federn,  an  Austrian  who  had  made  a  name 
for  himself  as  an  authority  on  Nietzsche  and  who  was  an  ardent 
admirer  of  Emerson,  published  a  group  of  Essays  zur  amerikani- 
schen  Literatur,  including  papers  on  Whitman,  Emerson  and 
Thoreau. 

The  very  next  year  (1900)  appeared  Anton  E.  Schonbach's 
Gesammelte  Aufsatze  zur  neueren  Literatur  (Graz,  1900),  in 
which  various  phases  of  German,  Austrian  and  American  litera 
ture  were  discussed.  Besides  separate  essays  on  Cooper,  Long 
fellow  and  Hawthorne,  we  find  an  excellent  resume  of  the  new 
American  novel  in  the  essay  Der  amerikanische  Roman  der  Ge- 
gcmvart.  Schonbach's  character-studies  and  fair-minded  and 
scholarly  valuation  of  our  fiction  are  worthy  of  the  highest 
praise.  His  ability  to  interest  readers  in  the  subject  under  dis 
cussion  must  have  opened  many  eyes  to  the  wealth  of  literary 
effort  across  the  Atlantic.  About  this  time  there  was  a  great 
flood  of  works  in  Germany  on  America  and  they  contributed  to 
the  growing  knowledge  and  interest  in  every  phase  of  Ameri 
can  life.  Fwald  Flugel's  Die  nordaimrikanlsche  Literatur 
(Leipzig  and  Vienna)  appeared  in  1907,  the  year  which  was 
superseded  only  by  1911  and  1912  in  the  number  of  American 
novels  published  in  Germany.  The  publication  of  Professor 
Alphonso  Smith's  lectures  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  the 
winter  semester  of  1910-1911  under  the  title  of  Die  amerikani 
sche  Literatur**  made  a  tremendous  impression  in  German  lit 
erary  and  university  circles,  and  it  is  not  a  matter  of  chance  that 
1912  forms  the  high-water  mark  in  the  tide  of  production  of 
American  novels.  Kellner's  Goschen  edition  of  Die  amerikani- 


Berlin,  1912. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  45 

sche  Literatur  (1912)  probably  did  its  share  in  making  our  litera 
ture  popular.  The  following  year  (1913)  however  cut  the  total 
of  fifty-one  practically  in  half  with  only  twenty-six  publications. 

Certain  other  works  must  be  given  their  share  of  the  credit 
for  awakening  a  German  interest  in  American  fiction.  Our  his 
torians,  Motley  and  Parkman,  had  both  been  translated,  Mot 
ley's  works  appearing  at  Dresden  in  1857,  while  Parkman's  ap 
peared  at  Stuttgart  in  1875,  the  translation  being  by  Kapp. 
Schlaf,  besides  translating  Whitman,  wrote  an  excellent  work  on 
the  man  and  his  literary  work,  and  even  attempted  to  imitate  him 
in  German,  without  however  acquiring  much  success.  One  of 
the  best  articles  ever  written  on  Lowell,  we  are  reminded  by  H. 
H.  Peckham,66  was  written  by  A.  E.  Schonbach.67 

This  leads  us  to  the  part  played  by  the  periodicals  in  Ger 
many.  A  constant  stream  of  articles  on  the  older  and  newer  writers 
of  our  literature  has  appeared  in  the  best  German  journals.  Miss 
Colbron  68  is  therefore  far  from  right  when  she  states  that  "the 
same  literary  journals  which  come  out  strong  in  praise  of  our 
classics,  which  give  full  mead  of  praise  to  Emerson,  Hawthorne, 
Poe  .  .  .  these  same  journals  turn  with  cold  scorn  from  our 
newer  writers."  If  it  would  serve  any  purpose,  a  long  list  of 
articles  could  be  found  dealing  with  our  very  latest  literature 
and  dealing  with  it  fairly,  discriminatingly  and  thoroughly.  One 
of  the  leaders  in  this  respect  is  the  Magazin  -fur  Literatur,  so- 
called  since  1891 .  From  1832-1880  it  was  known  as  Magazin  fur 
die  Literatur  des  Auslandes  (M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.)  and  from  1881- 
1890  as  Magazin  filr  die  Literatur  des  In-  und  Auslandes.  Its 
long  articles  and  reviews  came  to  the  attention  of  many  people 
and  doubtless  led  many  to  examine  into  our  literature.  Ever 
since  January  4,  1873,  this  periodical  has  had  a  column  entitled 
"Amerikanischer  Biichermarkt,"  in  which  American  works  in 
both  German  and  English  are  announced.  Englische  Studien, 
which  first  appeared  in  1877,  makes  scarcely  any  mention  of 


"South  Atlantic  Monthly,  Oct.,  1914. 

87  Gesammelte  Aufsatze  zur  Neueren  Literatur,  Graz,  1900. 

OT  Bookman,  March,  1914,  p.  47- 


46  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

American  literature  up  to  and  including  1899,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  terming  Engel's  history  an  "Anhangsel"  and  severely 
criticizing  Knortz'  splendid  two-volume  history.  However, 
since  1900,  Englische  Studien  has  devoted  a  column  regularly  to 
"Amerikanische  Literatur,"  where  the  newest  works  are  ably 
discused.  Das  literarische  Echo,  since  1898,  has  had  an  excellent 
review  of  the  latest  literary  happenings  in  America  in  many 
numbers.  It  would  be  useless  to  even  mention  the  countless  peri 
odicals  and  newspapers  which  have  presented  regular  critical 
columns,  carefully  edited  essays,  encomiums,  eulogies,  apprecia 
tions  and  necrologues  on  American  authors.  Besides  these,  many 
periodicals  and  daily  newspapers  published  American  poetry  and 
prose  works  in  the  form  of  substantial  translations.  As  an  ex 
ample  of  this,  the  Deutsche  Rundschau,  between  December,  1878, 
and  June,  1888,  printed  five  complete  novels  of  Bret  Harte  in 
long  serial  form.  In  fact,  so  ardent  and  zealous  were  German 
periodicals  to  acquire  and  print  the  very  latest  that  America  had 
to  offer,  that  one  of  these  stories,  Aus  Calif  orniens  frilhen  Ta- 
gen,GQ  appeared  in  a  German  periodical,  even  before  it  appeared 
in  English,  by  virtue  of  a  special  arrangement  made  by  the  own 
ers  of  the  magazine.  The  Vossische  Zeitung  (Berlin),  the  Miin- 
chcner  Allgemeine  Zeitung  (especially  the  Beilage),  the  Berliner 
Tageblatt  and  the  Frankfurter  Zeitung,  all  have  done  valiant 
service  in  keeping  our  literature  before  the  eyes  of  the  people  of 
Germany.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  note  that  the  reviews  and 
criticisms  of  American  works  show  a  marked  increase,  as  the 
years  went  by,  in  the  appreciation  of  our  American  viewpoint,  and 
can  be  said  to  be  at  present  far  more  valuable,  as  well  as  more 
searching,  than  was  the  case  thirty  or  more  years  ago. 

A  word  in  passing  might  be  said  concerning  the  part  played 
by  publishers  in  introducing  the  American  novel  into  Germany. 
Some  firms  printed  the  English  originals  only,  others  the  Ger 
man  translations  only,  and  still  others  both.  The  Tauchnitz  firm 
has  published  the  works  of  sixty-seven  American  authors  in  neat, 
convenient  pocket  editions.  All  over  Germany  various  "Eng- 


1  Deutsche  Rundschau,  Oct.-Nov.,  1880,  p.  268  ff . 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  47 

lish  Libraries"  have  sprung  up,  those  of  Heinemann  and  Bale- 
stier  (Leipzig),  Rudolphi  and  Klemm  (Zurich),  Asher's  Conti 
nental  Library   (Gradener  &  Richter),  Kiihtmann   (Dresden), 
Modern  English  Authors  (Berlin,  Herbig),  being  the  most  im 
portant.     Then  there  have  been  special  series  of  Schulausgaben 
by    Velhagen    &    Klasing,    Lindauer    (Miinchen),    Regensburg 
(Miinster),   A.    Twietmeyer    (Leipzig),   Buchholz   and   Diebel 
(Troppau),  and  others.     Reclam  has  published  the  works  of 
many  American  authors  in  German  translation,  making  them  ac 
cessible  to  all  people  because  of  the  cheap  binding.     Other  series 
which  include  American  authors  in  their  lists  of  inexpensive  edi 
tions  are:  Englische  Romanbibliothek  (Barthol  &  Company,  Ber 
lin),  Bibliothek  der  Gesamtliteratur  des  In-  und  Auslandes  (Hal 
le,  O.  Hendel),  Berlepsch  Romanbibliothek  (Regensburg,  Hab- 
bel),  Bucherei  fur  die  Jug  end  (Wien,  Pichler),  Weichert's  Wo- 
chenbibliothek     (Berlin),     Zehnpfennig     Bibliothek     (Berlin), 
Meyer's  Volksbiicher  (a  10  Pf.),  Bibliothek  der  fremden  Zungen 
(Deutsche    Verlags-Anstalt,    Stuttgart),    Fehsenf eld's   Roman- 
sammlung  (Freiburg  i/B),  Kiirschner's  Bucherschatz,  Lutz'  Kri- 
minal  und  Detektiv  Romane  (Stuttgart),  Amerikanische  Detek- 
tiv    Romane    (Berlin,    Jacobsthal),    Zwissler's    Hausbibliothek 
(Wolfenbiittel),  Der  neue  Roman  (Berlin,  Hartmann),  Singer- 
Bilcher    (Strassburg,   J.    Singer),   Weber's  moderne  Bibliothek 
(Heilbronn),   Unwin  Library   (Leipzig),  Jug  end  und  Volksbil- 
cherei    (Regensburg),   Hesse's   Volksbiicher ei,   etc.     There  are 
altogether  between  ninety  and  one  hundred  firms,  some  of  them 
in  Austria  and   Switzerland,   which  have,   between   1871-1913, 
published  one  or  more  American  novels  either  in  the  original  or 
in  translation.     To  the  work  of  these  firms,  mercenary,  though 
it  may  have  been,  and  spurred  on  as  they  were  chiefly  by  a  vigor 
ous  competition,  we  must  nevertheless  assign  that  share  of  credit 
which  is  due  each  agency  that  has  helped  to  make  America  better 
know  abroad. 

There  is  another  factor  which  helped  to  lead  Germans  into  a 
deeper  study  of  our  fiction,  namely,  the  appreciation  and  respect 
which  Germany  already  had  for  our  poetry.  Between  1864  and 
1909  twenty-six  anthologies  were  published  in  Germany,  de- 


48  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

voted  either  entirely  or  in  part  to  American  poetry.  In  1864 
appeared  Karl  Vollheim's  Perlen  der  neuen  englischen  und  ameri- 
kanischen  Lyrik,70  and  in  1865  Friedrich  Spielhagen's  Amerika- 
nische  Gedichte  (Leipzig).  Then  came  Adolf  Strodtmann's  Ame- 
rikanische  Anthologie  (Hildburghausen,  1870).  These  three 
collections  were  important,  since  they  appear  at  the  very  threshold 
of  the  period  which  we  are  treating.  A.  I.  Roehm  71  finds  that 
American  poets  have  been  translated  far  oftener  than  British 
poets  in  Germany,  but  that  the  quality  of  the  translation  is  cor 
respondingly  weakened. 

Longfellow  andiPoe  are  the  only  American  poets  whose  works 
have  been  completely  translated  by  the  Germans,  but  Bryant,  Whit 
man  and  Taylor  are  represented  with  good  collections.  Byron 
was  translated  only  half  as  many  times  as  Longfellow,  but  while 
A.  Bottger's  Byron  translation  went  through  six  editions,  only 
two  of  the  fifteen  German  translations  of  Evangeline  reached  a 
second  edition.  Tennyson's  Enoch  Arden  was  translated  only 
half  as  often  as  Evanqeline,  but  Waldmiiller's  translation  of 
Enoch  Arden  went  through  thirty-five  editions.  Boehm  remarks : 
"Trotz  anscheinlich  giinstigen  ausserlichen  Verhaltnissen,  finden 
wir  also  auf  dem  amerikanisch-deutschem  Gebiet  eine  im  gros- 
sen  Ganzen  sehr  minderwartige  Ubersetzungsliteratur."  But  the 
nine  complete  or  selected  translations  of  Longfellow,  and  espe 
cially  the  fifteen  translations  of  Evangeline  and  nine  translations 
of  Hiawatha  demonstrate  clearly  how  great  a  demand  there  was 
for  his  works.  Knortz'  excellent  biography  of  Longfellow  also 
became  well-known.  Although  Knortz  thought  Longfellow  too 
highly  sentimental  and  effeminate  and  not  sufficiently  substantial, 
that  his  popularity  was  due  to  his  mildness  and  gentleness,  his 
great  sincerity  and  sympathy  rather  than  because  he  took  any  de 
cided  stand  on  any  important  issue,  yet  he  says  of  him :  "Lie- 
benswiirdig  und  anziehend  ist  seine  Muse,  vollendet  sein  Form- 
talent,  ausgezeichnet  sein  Gefiihl  in  der  Wahl  passender  Rhyth- 


70  Leipzig,  Wenger,  1864. 

71  Chicago  University,  Ph.D.,  Diss.,  1910. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  49 

men  und  Metren."72  A.  Baumgartner  said:  "Eine  Englische 
Literatur  ohne  Longfellow  ist  so  unvollstandig  als  eine  franzosi- 
sche  ohne  Rousseau,  oder  eine  deutsche  ohne  Rosegger."73  Ed 
mund  Gosse  declared  Longfellow  to  be  as  true  a  poet  as  ever 
breathed.  There  is  thus  ample  proof  that  our  greatest  poet  was 
known  and  appreciated  by  many  Germans,  and  this  is  quite  as 
true  of  Walt  Whitman.74 

Knortz  wrote  a  biography  of  Whitman,  and  Johannes  Schlaf 
not  only  wrote  ,a  work  75  on  this  poet,  but  translated  and  even 
imitated  his  poetry  in  German.  The  fact  that  Whitman  was  not 
included  in  Knortz  and  Dickmann's  collection  called  Modern 
American  Lyrics™  called  forth  a  storm  of  protest  in  Germany. 
"Aber  was  soil  man  zu  einer  Mustersammlung  amerikanischer 
Lyriker  sagen,  in  welcher  Walt  Whitman  ganz  und  gar  durch 
seine  Abwesenheit  glanzt.  .  .  ."77  But  Ferdinand  Freiligrath 
found  Whitman  a  great  enough  poet  to  translate,  and  Eduard 
Bertz  called  him  the  greatest  master  of  "Stimmung"  of  all  ages.78 

An  article  in  the  Athenaeum  for  March  n,  1876,  speaks  of 
the  unjust  treatment  accorded  Whitman  by  magazines,  publish 
ers,  critics,  etc.,  in  America  and  adds :  "Der  alte  Mann  lebt  noch, 
und  soil  man  wenigstens  den  Versuch  nicht  unterlassen,  ihm  nach 
diesem  harten  Tagewerke  einen  weniger  triiben,  nicht  von  Noth 


72  Longfellow,   Literarhistorische  Studie,  Hamburg,   1879,   Griming.     Cf. 
also  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Jan.  25,  1879,  p.  59. 

73  Magazin  fur  Literatur,  Feb.  19,  1898,  p.  1898. 

74  Cf.  O.  E.  Lessing:    Whitman  and  his  German  Critics,  in  Journal  of 
English  and  Germanic  Philology,  Vol.  IX  (1910),  p.  85  ff. 

"Johannes  Schlaf:  Walt  Whitman,  Vol.  18  of  Die  Dichtung  (1904).  Of 
this  work  Lessing  says  (Jour,  of  Eng.  and  Ger.  Phil.,  X,  p.  91)  :  "This  little 
book  is  an  unparalleled  example  of  high-handed  arrogance,  cowardly  imposi 
tion  and  utter  ignorance."  Lessing  further  declares  Schlaf  to  have  been  com 
pletely  incompetent  as  a  critic  of  Whitman,  not  having  read  more  than  fifteen 
per  cent,  of  his  work  and  having  but  a  very  imperfect  knowledge  of  the 
English  language. 

78  Leipzig,  1880. 

77  M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  A.,  Sept.  4,  1880,  p.  505. 

78  Bertz  considerably  modified  his  opinion  of  Whitman  after  he  had  made 
a  more  thoroughgoing  study  of  the  underlying  personality  of  the  man.     (Cf. 
E.  Bertz:  Walt  Whitman,  ein  Charakterbild,  Vol.  VII  of  J ahrbuch fur sexuelle 
Zwischenstufen,  1905.)     Bertz  was  then  so  vigorously  attacked  by  Schlaf  that 
he  was  forced  to  defend  himself  by  exposing  the  latter  in  Whitman-Mysterien 
(1907)  and  Der  Yankee  Heiland. 


50  The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913 

und  Mangel  heimgesuchten  Lebensabend  zu  bereiten,  und  nicht 
erst  semen  Tod  zu  erwarten,  um  ihm  eine  spate  Anerkennung  in 
Marmor  oder  Bronze  zu  zollen."  And  the  Magazin  filr  die  Lite- 
ratur  des  Auslandes  adds:79  "Wenn  Deutschland, — das  trotz 
aller  Behauptungen  auswartiger  Pressen,  in  geistiger  Beziehung 
am  freiesten  dasteht,  freier  als  das  der  selbstgeschmiedeten  Fes- 
seln  begranzter  geistiger  Anschauung  sich  erst  allmahlich  be- 
wusst  werdende  England,  freier  als  der  diese  Fesseln  mit  Stolz 
zur  Schau  tragende  Freistaat  der  Neuen  Welt — fur  den  jeder 
Fessel  trotzenden  amerikanischen  Sanger  auch  nicht  viel  tun 
kann,  so  wollen  wir  ihm  wenigstens  die  Beachtung  nicht  vorent- 
halten,  welche  die  eigne  Heimat  ihm  versagt."  What  a  warm 
hearted  tribute  from  a  foreign  shore  to  a  poor,  ridiculed,  friend 
less  old  bard,  to  whom  his  own  country  had  turned  its  back  and 
had  coldened  its  heart. 

Is  it  then  too  much  to  say  that  this  keen  interest  in  Ger 
many  for  our  poets,  these  twenty-six  anthologies,  these  many 
translations  of  cherished  poems,80  and  these  splendid  tributes  to 
their  memory  must  have  created  an  interest  in  the  literary  efforts 
of  the  Republic  across  the  seas  and  must  have  thus  helped  create 
the  demand  for  our  better  fiction?  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that 
the  appreciation  of  the  delicate  art  of  Longfellow,  Poe,  Whit 
man,81  Whittier,  Bryant,  Lowell  and  Taylor  gave  our  country  a 
reputation  for  imaginative  genius  and  creative  power  that  led 
Germans  to  inquire  into  the  work  of  a  Bret  Harte,  a  Mark  Twain, 
a  Howells,  a  James,  and  a  score  of  others  who  formed  the  formid 
able  company  of  new  novelists. 

Perhaps  another  reason  for  Germany's  approval  of  and 
participation  in  our  later  American  novel  may  be  found  in  the 
close  touch  which  certain  of  our  literary  men  have  had  with 
Germany.  Bayard  Taylor,  for  example,  was  always  a  friend 
and  admirer  of  the  Germans  and  their  literature.  He  spent  part 


19  April  29,  1876,  p.  259. 

""Roehm  found  fifteen  translations  of  Evangeline,  nine  of  Hiawatha,  nine 
of  Poe's  Raven,  eight  of  Bryant's  Thanatopsis,  five  of  Whittier's  Maud  Muller. 
81  In  spite  of  much  unfavorable  criticism  such  as  that  mentioned  above. 


The  American  Novel  in  Germany,  1871-1913  5! 

of  two  years,  during  which  he  traveled  afoot  through  Europe,  in 
Germany  (1844-1846)  and  during  the  very  last  year  of  his  life 
he  was  the  accredited  minister  of  our  Government  at  Berlin 
(June  to  September,  1878).  He  had  only  been  in  Berlin  a  few 
months  when  he  died.  But  he  had  gained  impressions  that  ap 
peared  the  following  year  in  Studies  in  German  Literature** 
and  in  turn  Germany  had  gained  an  impression  of  love  and  re 
spect  for  him  that  has  never  died.  Many  tributes  to  his  memory 
appeared  in  the  German  periodicals,  and  most  of  them  voiced  the 
closer  touch  that  had  been  created  between  Germany  and  Amer 
ica  through  the  personality  of  this  man.  To  quote  from  one  of 
them :  "Was  Wunder  also,  dass  das  deutsche  Volk  dem  grossen 
Bayard  Taylor  als  Gesandten  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  Republik 
ein  so  einstimmiges  Wohlwollen  entgegentrug,  wie  wohl  noch 
nie  dem  Gesandten  einer  fremden  Macht.  Eine  tiefe  Sympa- 
thie  verband  ja  beide — Bayard  Taylor  und  das  deutsche  Volk. 
.  .  .  Kommende  Geschlechter  werden  ihn  nennen,  die  nie  in 
sein  freundlich-inniges  Antlitz  geschaut,  nie  seine  treue  Hand 
gefasst,  nie  ein  Wort  aus  seinem  Munde  gehort.  Denn  ob  auch 
der  Hauch  seines  Mundes  verweht,  sein  Wort,  sein  Dichterwort 
bleibt.  ...  In  der  neuen  Welt  geboren,  und  in  der  alten  ge- 
reift,  hat  er  sein  Volk  gelehrt  die  Geschichte  des  deutschen 
Volkes,  auf  dass  die  Briider  einander  kennen;  dessen  bleibt 
Deutschland  eingedenk."83  That  there  was  a  decided  increase  in 
the  publication  of  American  novels  after  1878  is  undoubted,  and 
it  may  easily  have  been  partly  brought  about  through  the  popu 
larity  of  Bayard  Taylor.  It  might  also  be  added  that  Mark 
Twain  and  others  came  into  close  and  cordial  personal  relations 
with  Germany,  and  did  a  great  deal  in  demonstrating  the  real 
essence  and  fibre  of  the  American  spirit,  leading  more  or  less 
directly  to  a  greater  appreciation  of  our  literature. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  political  relations  of  Germany  and 
America  which  influenced  the  reading  of  our  novel  abroad.  Even 
the  Spanish- American  War  failed  to  mark  a  definite  epoch  in  the 


83  New  York,  1879. 

83 M.  f.  d.  L.  d.  I.  u.  A.,  Feb.  22,  1879,  p.  117. 


52  Bibliography 

development.  In  fact,  eleven  years  after  the  war  (1909)  the 
number  of  publications  had  fallen  below  the  mark  set  by  the 
Peace  Jubilee  Year  of  1898.  The  professorial  exchange  system, 
begun  about  1906,  may  have  stimulated  interest,  since  1907  marks 
the  highest  point  in  the  whole  history  of  our  novel  in  Germany 
with  the  exception  of  two  years,  1911  and  1912. 

It  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that,  whereas  certain  factors 
may  have  had  a  broad  general  influence  in  increasing  or  decreas 
ing  the  number  of  American  novels  published,  it  nevertheless  re 
mains  for  the  popularity  of  the  individual  author,  whatever  the 
reason  for  that  popularity  may  be,  to  determine  the  degree  of 
interest  with  which  he  is  received  in  a  foreign  land.  The  Bibli 
ography  which  forms  Chapter  III  of  this  work,  will  show  clearly 
who  these  most  popular  authors  were. 


CHAPTER  III. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

[This  bibliography  contains  a  complete  list  of  American 
novels,  within  the  limitations  described  in  Chapter  II  (a),  pub 
lished  in  Germany  and  in  certain  Austrian  and  Swiss  centres 
between  the  years  1871  and  1913,  inclusive.  The  translations 
are  indicated  either  (a)  by  the  German  title,  (b)  by  the  name  of 
the  translator,  which  is  added  in  parentheses  wherever  obtainable, 

or  (c)  by  ( )  wherever  a  German  title  was  not  used 

and  the  name  of  the  translator  was  not  available.] 

MAX  ADELER  (CHARLES  H.  CLARK). 
Fern  vom  Weltgetummel     (Moritz  Busch.)     Leipzig,  Grunow. 

1876. 
Ellbogen-Raum.    (Heichen-Abenheim.)    Berlin,  Abenheim.  1877. 

LOUISE  M.  ALCOTT. 

Bin  Mddchen  aus  der  guten  alien  Schule.     (Mary  C.  Rothwell.) 
2  vol.     Stuttgart,  Nitzschke.     1872-1873. 

same.     New  edition.     Stuttgart,  Nitzschke.     1874. 


Bibliography  53 

Little  Women.    2  vol.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1876. 
Kleine  Frauen.     Kleine  Manner.     3  vol.     (P.  Schanz.)     Leip 
zig,  Grunow.     1877. 
Kleine  Frauen.    Bremen,  Valett.     1877. 
Little  Men.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1879. 
Frau  Podger's   Theetopf  u.   a.   Erzn.     (A.    Passow.)     Berlin, 

Abenheim.     1882. 

An  Old-fashioned  Girl.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.  1883. 
Kleine  Frauen.     (P.  Schanz.)    2nd  ed.    Leipzig,  Grunow.   1886. 
Jo's  Boys  and  How  They  Turned  Out.  Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.   1886. 
In  Uauer  und  in  grauer  Uniform.     (A.  Passow.)     Berlin,  Lus- 

tenoder.     1890. 

Little  Women.    School  ed.    Leipzig,  G.  Freytag.     1896. 
Good  Wives.    School  ed.    Leipzig,  G.  Freytag.     1898. 
Little  Men.    School  ed.    Leipzig,  G.  Freytag.     1900. 
Little  Women.    School  ed.    2nd  ed.    Leipzig,  G.  Freytag.    1901. 
Little  Women.    Berlin,  F.  A.  Herbig.    1901. 
Kleine  Frauen.    (P.  Schanz.)    3rd  ed.    Leipzig,  Grunow.    1902. 
Good  Wives.    School  ed.    Bielefeld  and  Leipzig,  Velhagen  und 

Klasing.    1903. 
Little  Women.    School  ed.    Bielefeld  and  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u. 

Klasing.  1904. 
Little  Women.    School  ed.     3rd  ed.     Leipzig,  G.  Freytag,  and 

Vienna,  F.  Tempsky.     1905. 

Little  Women.  School  ed.  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u.  Klasing.  1910. 
Good  Wives.  School  ed.  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u.  Klasing.  1910. 
Aus  der  Knabenwelt.  (J.  E.  Wessely.)  Berlin,  Globus  Verl. 

1912. 
Aus  der  Madchenwelt.     (J.  E.  Wessely.)     Berlin,  Globus  Verl. 

1912. 

Good  Wives.  School  ed.  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u.  Klasing.  1913. 
Little  Women.  School  ed.  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u.  Klasing.  1913. 

THOMAS  BAILEY  ALDRICH. 

Prudence  Palfrey  u.  andere  Leute.  (M.  Busch.)  Leipzig,  Gru 
now.  1874. 

Die  Geschichte  eines  bosen  Buben.  (M.  Busch.)  Leipzig,  Gru 
now.  1875. 


54  Bibliography 

Die  Konigin  von  Saba.     (M.  Busch.)     Leipzig,  Grunow.     1877. 

Marjorie  Daw  and  Other  Tales.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.    1878. 

The  Stillwater  Tragedy.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1880. 

Marjorie  Daw  and  Other  Tales.  Zurich,  Rudolphi  u.  Klemm. 
1882. 

Prudence  Palfrey  u.  andere  Erzn.  Leipzig,  Reclam,  Jr.  1877- 
1882. 

Die  Tragodie  von  Stillwater.    Leipzig,  Reclam,  Jr.    1883-1886. 

Marjorie  Daw  u.  andere  Erzn.  (M.  Goulven.)  Halle,  O.  Hen- 
del.  1900. 

MARY  ANTIN. 
The  Promised  Land.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1913. 

GERTRUDE  ATHERTON. 
American   Wives  and  English  Husbands.     Leipzig,   Tauchnitz. 

1899. 

The  Calif  or  nians.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1899. 

Senator  North.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1900. 

Patience  Sparhawk  and  Her  Times.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1900. 

The  Doomswoman.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1901. 

The  Aristocrats.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1901. 

The  Conqueror.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1903. 

The  Splendid  Idle  Forties.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1903. 

A  Daughter  of  the  Vine.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1904. 

His  Fortunate  Grace.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1904. 

The  Valiant  Runaways.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.    1904. 

The  Bell  in  the  Fog,  etc.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1905. 

The  Travelling  Thirds.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1905. 

Senator    North.      (M.    Behrend-Arnau. )     Leipzig,  R.   Sattler. 

1905. 
Eine  Tochter  des  Westens.     (M.  Bahnson.)     Bonn,  C.  Georgi. 

1905. 

Rezanov.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1906. 
Ancestors.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1908. 
The  Gorgeous  Isle.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1909. 
Tower  of  Ivory.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.    1910. 
Julia  France  and  Her  Times.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz,     1912. 


Bibliography  55 

JANE  G.  AUSTIN. 

Three  Stories  of  Colonial  Days.  Leipzig,  Velhagen  u.  Klasing. 
1904. 

MARY  AUSTIN. 

Liebe  und  Weisheit.    Berlin,  R.  Hartmann.     1913. 
Aus  dem  Herzen  gedrdngt.    Berlin,  R.  Hartmann.     1913. 

IRVING  BACHELLER. 

Eben  H olden.    Leipzig,  T.  F.  Unwin.     1903. 
Silas  Strong.    Leipzig,  T.  F.  Unwin.    1906. 

WOLCOTT  BALESTIER. 

The  Naulahka.1     Leipzig,  Heinemann  u.  Balestier.     1892. 

The  Average  Woman.    Leipzig,  Heinemann  u.  Balestier.     1892. 

Naulahka.1     (E.  Becher.)     2  vol.     Stuttgart,  Engelhorn.     1900. 

The  Naulahka.^  New  ed.  Leipzig,  Heinemann  u.  Balestier. 
IpZI. 

The  Average  Woman.  New  ed.  Leipzig,  Heinemann  u.  Bale 
stier.  1912. 

EDWARD  BELLAMY. 

Bin  Ruckblick  2000-1887.    Berlin,  Vorwarts  Verl.     1889. 

Im  Jahre  2000.    (R.  George.)    Halle,  O.  Hendel.    1887-1890. 

Dr.  Heidenhoffs  Wunderkur.  (A.  Zacher.)  Leipzig,  Reclam. 
1887-1890. 

Dr.  Heidenhoffs  Kur.  (E.  Wulkow.)  Berlin,  Rosenbaum  u. 
Hart.  1890. 

Frdulein  Ludington's  Schwester.  (C.  Steinitz.)  Berlin,  S. 
Fischer.  1890. 

Bin  Ruckblick.  (A.  Fleischmann. )  ist-5th  ed.  Leipzig,  O. 
Wiegand.  1890. 

Bin  Ruckblick.    (G.  v.  Gizycki.)    Leipzig,  Reclam.    1890. 

Alles  Verstaatlicht.     (G.  Malkowsky. )     Berlin,  Eckstein.     1890. 

Bin  Ruckblick.  (A.  Fleischmann.)  6th  ed.  Leipzig,  O.  Wie 
gand.  1890. 


1  Written  in  conjunction  with  Rudyard  Kipling. 


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Bin  Ruckblick.     (J.  Hoops.)     Leipzig,  Meyer.     1891. 

Maud  Elliot  u.  Ein  Echo  von  Antietam.     (G.  Joel.)     Halle,  O. 

Hendel.    1891. 
Miss  Luding ton's  Schwester.     (J.  Mollenhoff.)     Leipzig,  Re- 

clam.    1891. 

Dr.  Heidenhoff's  Kur.     Reprint.     Leipzig,  Reclam.     1891. 
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Fischer.     1891. 
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FRANK  LEE  BENEDICT. 
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AMBROSE  BIERCE. 
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Eine  Blitzfahrt  rund  um  die  Welt.    Berlin,  S.  Cronbach.     1892. 

HjALMAR   HjORTH    BOYESEN. 

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Selbstbestimmung.  (M.  Mann.)  Stuttgart,  Engelhorn.  1897. 
Fiedelham  und  Kriippelhans.  Berlin,  U.  Meyer.  1905. 

CYRUS  TOWNSEND  BRADY. 

Der  kleine  Ingenieur.    Graz  (Styria).    Volksbucherei.     1907. 
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THE  BREADWINNERS. 
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Louisiana.     ( )    Berlin,  Kogge  u.  Fritze.    1881. 

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Die  schbne  Barbarin.     (A.  Ranke.)    Berlin,  Barthol  &  Co.   1883. 

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A  Foregone  Conclusion.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1879. 
A  Modern  Instance.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1882. 
The  Undiscovered  Country.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1883. 
Venetian  Life.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1883. 
Italian  Journeys.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1883. 
A  Chance  Acquaintance.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1883. 


Written  in  collaboration  with  Wm.  Sharp, 


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Eugene  Pickering,  etc.     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1880. 

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[French  Poets  and  Novellists.}     Leipzig,  Tauchnitz.     1883. 

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THOMAS  LAWSQN. 

Freitag  der  Dreizehnte.  (M.  Enckhausen  &  E.  v.  Kraatz. )  Han 
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13  A  series  of  grewsome  stories  by  Weisflog,  Tieck,  James,  Dickens  and 
E.  T.  A.  Hoffmann. 


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"Written  in  collaboration  with  R.  L.  Stevenson. 
"Written  in  collaboration  with  Herbert  Dickinson  Ward. 


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16  Published  in  shorthand  by  F.  Jaeger. 


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"  Contains  an  open  letter  of   Sinclair's,   President  Roosevelt's   Message 
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18  Contains  short  stories  by  Aldrich,  Bishop,  Deming,  Matthews,  O'Brien, 
Stockton,  etc. 


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19  Contains  stories  by  Karl  Knortz. 

90  Written  in  collaboration  with  Charles  Dudley  Warner. 


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31  Contains  stories  by  M.  T.,  Ludmilla  Koelle,  O.  v.  Oberkamp  and  Hein. 
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28  Written    in    collaboration    with    Mary   Findlater,   Jane   F.,   and   Allan 
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